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Anatomy & Physiology 210 > The Blood Ch 18 > Flashcards

The Blood Ch 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What measures the red blood cells out of the total blood volume?

A

Hematocrit
Normal range:
42 to 54% for males.
38 to 46% for females.

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2
Q

What is blood pH? If you’re below or above what does that cause?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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3
Q

Three functions does blood serve?

A

Transports-oxygen from lungs and nutrients from digestive tract. Metabolic waste from cells to lungs and kidneys to eliminate. Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs.
Regulation-of body temperature, pH, fluid (ADH).
Protects-activating plasma proteins and platelets and clot formation. Prevents infection

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4
Q

What is blood plasma mostly made up of?

A 
90% water
Over 100 solutes. Proteins are mostly produced by the liver: 
60% albumin-(osmotic pressure)
36% globulins-(immune)
4% fibrinogen-(blood clot)
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5
Q

Erythrocytes are filled with what?

A

97% Hemoglobin – a protein that functions in gas transport.

Spectrin – plasma membrane that gives us flexibility and change shape.

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6
Q

Since erythrocytes have no nuclei organelles, how do they generate ATP?

A

Anaerobic – glycolysis/lactic acid

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7
Q

What is the structure of the hemoglobin?

A

Protein globin made up of two Alpha and two beta chains bound to a heme group which contains iron.

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8
Q

What are the three bound hemoglobin names? And when they are called this.

A

Oxyhemoglobin-bound to oxygen in the lungs
Deoxy hemoglobin – after oxygen diffuses to tissues
Carbaminohemoglobin-bound to carbon dioxide (tissues)

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9
Q

What is hematopoiesis, where it occurs, and cell that works there?

A

Forming of blood in the red bone marrow.

Hemocytoblast give rise to:
(Each begin formation of particular cell)
Erythropoiesis
Leukopoiesis 
Thrombopoiesis 
*after committing to a particular cell
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10
Q

What is a young erythrocyte called? Why is it called that? What is the lab value called and its representation?

A

Reticulocyte

Reticulum of clumped ribosomes still in cell.

Reticulocyte count – rate of RBC formation

  • should be 1 to 2% of all
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11
Q

What leads to too few RBCs and too many RBCs?

A

Tissue hypoxia – not enough 02 in the blood (thinner)

Blood viscosity – too much 02 (thicker)

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12
Q

Erythropoiesis is hormonally controlled by what an depends on adequate supplies of what?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)-released by kidneys

Iron, amino acids, and B vitamins

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13
Q

What triggers EPO?

A

Hypoxia (bleed)
Decreased O2 (altitude high)
Increased tissue demand for O2 (exercise)

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14
Q

What forms 55% of blood composition? And what is the other 45%?

A

Liquid plasma

Formed elements:
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes or platelets.

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15
Q

What dietary requirements does erythropoiesis have and why?

A 
Proteins – form globin
Lipids – form cell membrane
Carbs – energy source, form glycocalyx
Iron – form heme
B 12 – rbc formation
Folic acid – rbc formation
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16
Q

What is the hemoglobin pathway of breakdown?

A 
Hemoglobin splits into 
Globin->AA 
and 
heme->bilirubin->bile->
Urochrome (urine) OR urobilingen->stecobilin (poop)
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17
Q

What Happens to dying RBCs?

A

Engulfed by macro phages in the capillaries of spleen, heme and globin are separated and iron is salvaged for reuse.

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18
Q

What is anemia?

A

Blood has abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity. Fatigue, paleness, SOB, chills.

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19
Q

What are three types of insufficient erythrocyte anemias?

A

Hemorrhagic anemia – result of acute or chronic loss of blood
Hemolytic anemia – prematurely ruptured RBCs
Aplastic anemia – destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow.

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20
Q

What are two anemias with decreased hemoglobin content?

A

Iron deficiency anemia – 2ndary result of hemorrhagic anemia.
inadequate intake of iron containing foods, impaired iron absorption, RBCs small, athletes anemia
Pernicious anemia – deficiency and B12. Lack of intrinsic factor (absorbs so not digested) in intestinal mucosal, RBCs large.

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21
Q

What are the two anemias for abnormal hemoglobin?

A

Thalassemias– Absent or faulty globin chain in HB (failure to make HB properly). RBCs are thin delicate and inefficient in HB.
Sickle cell anemia – defective gene coding for abnormal HB called hemoglobin S.

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22
Q

What is polycythemia? And the three main polycythemias?

A

Excess RBCs that increase blood viscosity (too thick).
Polycythemia vera – bone marrow cancer
Secondary polycythemia – increased EPO production (high altitude)
Blood doping – store blood and reinfuse.

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23
Q

What are the two leukocytes categories? And what in order from greatest total blood volume to least?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Neutrophil (G), lymphocyte (A), monocytes (A), eosinophil (G), basophils (G)

24
Q

What is Leukocytosis?

A

White blood count too high

* typically means infection

25
Q

What are leukocytes? And how do they travel?

A

White blood cells, only blood components that are complete cells.

Leave capillaries via diapedesis. Move through tissue spaces by amoeboid motion. Specific site movement through positive chemotaxis.

26
Q

What are neutrophils and their function?

A

Polymorphonuclear. (Each nucleus looks different)

Contain peroxidases, Hydrolytic enzymes (breaks with water), and defensins (antibiotic like proteins).

***** bacteria slayers

27
Q

What are eosinophils and their function?

A

Red staining.

Counterattacks parasitic worms by digesting with enzymes.

Lessons severity of allergies.

28
Q

What are basophils and their function?

A

Similar to mast cells. Purplish black.

**Histamine secreted for potential infection after injury.

29
Q

Where are lymphocytes found and the two types?

A

Mostly in mashed in lymphoid tissue.
T cells – part of immune response inside cell infected by virus.

B cells- give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies outside cell

30
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Largest white blood cell. Purple staining.

Leave circulation, enter tissue, and change to macrophages.

31
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Highly mobile and actively phagocytic.

Activates lymphocytes to mount an immune response, including old RBCs in spleen.

  • looks for anything foreign.
32
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

Forming of white blood cells

33
Q

All leukocytes begin as what type of cell?

A

Hemocytoblast

34
Q

Explain leukemia conditions.

A

Too many immature WBCs in bloodstream, not functional. Bone marrow occupied with cancerous leukocytes. Death caused by internal hemorrhage/infections.

35
Q

Platelets are fragments of?
Their granules contain?
Platelet function is in?
And are kept inactive by?

A

Megakaryocytes.
Serotonin, calcium, enzymes, ADP, PDGF

Clotting mechanism.

Nitric oxide and prostacyclin

36
Q

What is hemostasis? In the three stages?

A

Series of reactions for stopping bleeding.
1-vascular spasm, vasoconstriction.
2-platelet plug formation
3-coagulation blood clotting

37
Q

What makes platelets sticky, what do they stick to and what enhances vascular spasm?

A 
Thromboxane A2 (released by platelets)
Collagen fibers (make plug) and themselves
Thromboxane A2 and serotonin and ADP-> attract more platelets
38
Q

What is coagulation and the three final steps?

A

Chemical reactions with blood transforming from liquid to gel.

1-prothrombin activator formed
2-prothrombin converted to thrombin
3-thrombin catalyzes joining of fibrinogen into fibrin mesh (gluing plates together)

39
Q

What is clot retraction? And the three stages of repair?

A

squeezing of serum from fibrin strands compacting the clot
1-PDGF rebuild blood vessel wall.
2-fibroblast form connective tissue patch.
3-VEA GF restore endothelial lining.

40
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

Process of removing un-needed clots after healing.

Plasmin (clot buster) digests fibrin web.

41
Q

What does heparin do?

A

Anticoagulant inhibits thrombin activity.(Revents fibrinogen to fibrin)

42
Q

Unnecessary clotting and platelet adhesion is prevented by?

A

Endothelial lining of blood vessels.

NO, prostacyclin, Vitamin E

43
Q

What is thrombus?

A

Clot that develops in unbroken blood vessels blocking circulation causing tissue death.

44
Q

What is an embolus? And two major types?

A

A thrombus freely floating in bloodstream.

Pulmonary embolus-impair ability to obtain 02.
Cerebral emboli -stroke

45
Q

What substances (meds) are used to prevent clots?

A

Aspirin heparin and warfarin

46
Q

What is DIC?

A

Rare, clotting in intact blood vessels. Residual blood able to clot.
(blockage of blood flow and severe bleeding)

47
Q

What is the bleeding disorder thrombocytopenia?

A

Number of circulating platelets is deficient.
Petechia (bruises)
Destruction of bone marrow(malignancy)

48
Q

What are some other causes for bleeding disorders?

A

Inability to make procoagulants by the liver.
Vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, cirrhosis.
Inability to absorb fat (vit K def)
Liver disease

49
Q

What is hemophilia’s?

A

Hereditary bleeding disorder caused by lack of clotting factors.

50
Q

What are whole blood transfusions and when are they needed? What are two other blood transfusions?

A

Plasma rbc WBC and platelets. When blood loss is substantial and treating thrombocytopenia.

Packed red cells – to keep up O2 levels.
Plasma – diseases and disorders

51
Q

What are the three most common agglutinogens that indicate Rh+?

A

C D E

52
Q

What happens if an RH- individual receives RH+ blood?

A

Anti-Rh antibodies form. Second exposure to RH+ blood will result in a typical transfusion reaction.

53
Q

What is a erythroblastosis fetalis?

What can prevent this?

A

When a sensitized RH- mother anti-bodies cross the placenta and attack the RBCs of the Rh+ baby.

Drug RhoGAM deactivates anti-Rh

54
Q

What happens when a transfusion reaction occurs?

A

Diminished 02 carrying capacity. Clumped cells impede bloodflow.
Ruptured RBCs release free hemoglobin (can cause renal failure).

55
Q

O- is considered universal donor, why?

AB+ is considered a universal recipient, why?

A

0–no antigens (RBCs)

AB-no anti-bodies (plasma)

56
Q

What is an autologous transfusion?

A

Blood banking and transfusing your own blood.

57
Q

When shock occurs, from low blood volume, what can we do?

A

Normal saline is preferred, fluid to keep blood pressure up.

**Only helps circulation, not replace oxygen carrying capacity.

Anatomy & Physiology 210 (21 decks)

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