The Blood Ch 18 Flashcards
What measures the red blood cells out of the total blood volume?
Hematocrit
Normal range:
42 to 54% for males.
38 to 46% for females.
What is blood pH? If you’re below or above what does that cause?
7.35 to 7.45
Three functions does blood serve?
Transports-oxygen from lungs and nutrients from digestive tract. Metabolic waste from cells to lungs and kidneys to eliminate. Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs.
Regulation-of body temperature, pH, fluid (ADH).
Protects-activating plasma proteins and platelets and clot formation. Prevents infection
What is blood plasma mostly made up of?
90% water Over 100 solutes. Proteins are mostly produced by the liver: 60% albumin-(osmotic pressure) 36% globulins-(immune) 4% fibrinogen-(blood clot)
Erythrocytes are filled with what?
97% Hemoglobin – a protein that functions in gas transport.
Spectrin – plasma membrane that gives us flexibility and change shape.
Since erythrocytes have no nuclei organelles, how do they generate ATP?
Anaerobic – glycolysis/lactic acid
What is the structure of the hemoglobin?
Protein globin made up of two Alpha and two beta chains bound to a heme group which contains iron.
What are the three bound hemoglobin names? And when they are called this.
Oxyhemoglobin-bound to oxygen in the lungs
Deoxy hemoglobin – after oxygen diffuses to tissues
Carbaminohemoglobin-bound to carbon dioxide (tissues)
What is hematopoiesis, where it occurs, and cell that works there?
Forming of blood in the red bone marrow.
Hemocytoblast give rise to: (Each begin formation of particular cell) Erythropoiesis Leukopoiesis Thrombopoiesis *after committing to a particular cell
What is a young erythrocyte called? Why is it called that? What is the lab value called and its representation?
Reticulocyte
Reticulum of clumped ribosomes still in cell.
Reticulocyte count – rate of RBC formation
- should be 1 to 2% of all
What leads to too few RBCs and too many RBCs?
Tissue hypoxia – not enough 02 in the blood (thinner)
Blood viscosity – too much 02 (thicker)
Erythropoiesis is hormonally controlled by what an depends on adequate supplies of what?
Erythropoietin (EPO)-released by kidneys
Iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
What triggers EPO?
Hypoxia (bleed)
Decreased O2 (altitude high)
Increased tissue demand for O2 (exercise)
What forms 55% of blood composition? And what is the other 45%?
Liquid plasma
Formed elements:
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes or platelets.
What dietary requirements does erythropoiesis have and why?
Proteins – form globin Lipids – form cell membrane Carbs – energy source, form glycocalyx Iron – form heme B 12 – rbc formation Folic acid – rbc formation
What is the hemoglobin pathway of breakdown?
Hemoglobin splits into Globin->AA and heme->bilirubin->bile-> Urochrome (urine) OR urobilingen->stecobilin (poop)
What Happens to dying RBCs?
Engulfed by macro phages in the capillaries of spleen, heme and globin are separated and iron is salvaged for reuse.
What is anemia?
Blood has abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity. Fatigue, paleness, SOB, chills.
What are three types of insufficient erythrocyte anemias?
Hemorrhagic anemia – result of acute or chronic loss of blood
Hemolytic anemia – prematurely ruptured RBCs
Aplastic anemia – destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow.
What are two anemias with decreased hemoglobin content?
Iron deficiency anemia – 2ndary result of hemorrhagic anemia.
inadequate intake of iron containing foods, impaired iron absorption, RBCs small, athletes anemia
Pernicious anemia – deficiency and B12. Lack of intrinsic factor (absorbs so not digested) in intestinal mucosal, RBCs large.
What are the two anemias for abnormal hemoglobin?
Thalassemias– Absent or faulty globin chain in HB (failure to make HB properly). RBCs are thin delicate and inefficient in HB.
Sickle cell anemia – defective gene coding for abnormal HB called hemoglobin S.
What is polycythemia? And the three main polycythemias?
Excess RBCs that increase blood viscosity (too thick).
Polycythemia vera – bone marrow cancer
Secondary polycythemia – increased EPO production (high altitude)
Blood doping – store blood and reinfuse.
What are the two leukocytes categories? And what in order from greatest total blood volume to least?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Neutrophil (G), lymphocyte (A), monocytes (A), eosinophil (G), basophils (G)
What is Leukocytosis?
White blood count too high
* typically means infection
What are leukocytes? And how do they travel?
White blood cells, only blood components that are complete cells.
Leave capillaries via diapedesis. Move through tissue spaces by amoeboid motion. Specific site movement through positive chemotaxis.
What are neutrophils and their function?
Polymorphonuclear. (Each nucleus looks different)
Contain peroxidases, Hydrolytic enzymes (breaks with water), and defensins (antibiotic like proteins).
***** bacteria slayers
What are eosinophils and their function?
Red staining.
Counterattacks parasitic worms by digesting with enzymes.
Lessons severity of allergies.
What are basophils and their function?
Similar to mast cells. Purplish black.
**Histamine secreted for potential infection after injury.
Where are lymphocytes found and the two types?
Mostly in mashed in lymphoid tissue.
T cells – part of immune response inside cell infected by virus.
B cells- give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies outside cell
What are monocytes?
Largest white blood cell. Purple staining.
Leave circulation, enter tissue, and change to macrophages.
What are macrophages?
Highly mobile and actively phagocytic.
Activates lymphocytes to mount an immune response, including old RBCs in spleen.
- looks for anything foreign.
What is leukopoiesis?
Forming of white blood cells
All leukocytes begin as what type of cell?
Hemocytoblast
Explain leukemia conditions.
Too many immature WBCs in bloodstream, not functional. Bone marrow occupied with cancerous leukocytes. Death caused by internal hemorrhage/infections.
Platelets are fragments of?
Their granules contain?
Platelet function is in?
And are kept inactive by?
Megakaryocytes.
Serotonin, calcium, enzymes, ADP, PDGF
Clotting mechanism.
Nitric oxide and prostacyclin
What is hemostasis? In the three stages?
Series of reactions for stopping bleeding.
1-vascular spasm, vasoconstriction.
2-platelet plug formation
3-coagulation blood clotting
What makes platelets sticky, what do they stick to and what enhances vascular spasm?
Thromboxane A2 (released by platelets) Collagen fibers (make plug) and themselves Thromboxane A2 and serotonin and ADP-> attract more platelets
What is coagulation and the three final steps?
Chemical reactions with blood transforming from liquid to gel.
1-prothrombin activator formed
2-prothrombin converted to thrombin
3-thrombin catalyzes joining of fibrinogen into fibrin mesh (gluing plates together)
What is clot retraction? And the three stages of repair?
squeezing of serum from fibrin strands compacting the clot
1-PDGF rebuild blood vessel wall.
2-fibroblast form connective tissue patch.
3-VEA GF restore endothelial lining.
What is fibrinolysis?
Process of removing un-needed clots after healing.
Plasmin (clot buster) digests fibrin web.
What does heparin do?
Anticoagulant inhibits thrombin activity.(Revents fibrinogen to fibrin)
Unnecessary clotting and platelet adhesion is prevented by?
Endothelial lining of blood vessels.
NO, prostacyclin, Vitamin E
What is thrombus?
Clot that develops in unbroken blood vessels blocking circulation causing tissue death.
What is an embolus? And two major types?
A thrombus freely floating in bloodstream.
Pulmonary embolus-impair ability to obtain 02.
Cerebral emboli -stroke
What substances (meds) are used to prevent clots?
Aspirin heparin and warfarin
What is DIC?
Rare, clotting in intact blood vessels. Residual blood able to clot.
(blockage of blood flow and severe bleeding)
What is the bleeding disorder thrombocytopenia?
Number of circulating platelets is deficient.
Petechia (bruises)
Destruction of bone marrow(malignancy)
What are some other causes for bleeding disorders?
Inability to make procoagulants by the liver.
Vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, cirrhosis.
Inability to absorb fat (vit K def)
Liver disease
What is hemophilia’s?
Hereditary bleeding disorder caused by lack of clotting factors.
What are whole blood transfusions and when are they needed? What are two other blood transfusions?
Plasma rbc WBC and platelets. When blood loss is substantial and treating thrombocytopenia.
Packed red cells – to keep up O2 levels.
Plasma – diseases and disorders
What are the three most common agglutinogens that indicate Rh+?
C D E
What happens if an RH- individual receives RH+ blood?
Anti-Rh antibodies form. Second exposure to RH+ blood will result in a typical transfusion reaction.
What is a erythroblastosis fetalis?
What can prevent this?
When a sensitized RH- mother anti-bodies cross the placenta and attack the RBCs of the Rh+ baby.
Drug RhoGAM deactivates anti-Rh
What happens when a transfusion reaction occurs?
Diminished 02 carrying capacity. Clumped cells impede bloodflow.
Ruptured RBCs release free hemoglobin (can cause renal failure).
O- is considered universal donor, why?
AB+ is considered a universal recipient, why?
0–no antigens (RBCs)
AB-no anti-bodies (plasma)
What is an autologous transfusion?
Blood banking and transfusing your own blood.
When shock occurs, from low blood volume, what can we do?
Normal saline is preferred, fluid to keep blood pressure up.
**Only helps circulation, not replace oxygen carrying capacity.
