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Anatomy & Physiology 210 > Ch 28 Reproductive > Flashcards

Ch 28 Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What two muscles keep intrascrotal temperature constant? What is cryptorchidism?

A

Dartos, cremaster

Non-descent of the testes(no viable sperm production)

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2
Q

What is the sperm path through the testes?

A

Sperm produced in the seminiferous tubules, Tubulus rectus conveys sperm to rete testis. Leaves testis via efferent ductules into epididymis. Ductus deferens then joins the seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct propelling into urethra.

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3
Q

What are the functions of the epididymis?

A

Has Stereocilia that absorb testicular fluid and past nutrients to sperm. Nonmotile sperm enter and mature into Mobile sperm. Sperm is stored here until ejaculation

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4
Q

What do the seminal vesicles produce? What happens in these vesicles?

A

Semen

Sperm and semen mix and enter prosthatic urethra during ejaculation

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5
Q

What is the role of the prostate gland?

A

It’s acidic fluid is one third of semen volume. Activate sperm and also enters prosthatic urethra during ejaculation.

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6
Q

What gland produces the clear mucus prior to ejaculation? What is the purpose of this mucus?

A

Cowper’s gland (bulbourethral)

Neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra

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7
Q

What do prostaglandins in semen do?

A

Decrease viscosity of cervix mucus. Stimulate reverse peristalsis in uterus. Facilitate sperm movement through female.

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8
Q

During arousal for men what reflex promotes release of nitric oxide? What does nitric oxide cause? What are the jobs of corpus cavernosum and spongiosum?

A

Parasympathetic’s

NO fills erectile tissue with blood.
Cavernosa – compresses vein drainage and blood out flow, maintaining engorgement.
Spongiosum- keeps urethra open

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9
Q

At ejaculation, __________ nerves serving genital cause?

A

Sympathetic

Emptying of ducts/acc organs. Bladder sphincter constriction. Bulbospongiosus contractions. Semen propulsion (into urethra).

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10
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Production of sperm in seminiferous tubules of testes.

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11
Q

These spermatogenic cells give rise to sperm in these three ordered events:

A

1) mitosis: Spermatogonia forming spermatocytes.
2) Meiosis: spermartocytes to spermatids.
3) spermiogenesis: spermatids to sperm

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12
Q

Spermatogonia are the outermost cells in contact with the _______ ________ lamina.
These cells result in what two types of daughter cells?

A

Epithelial basal lamina

Type A cells – remain at basement membrane, maintain germline replacing original Spermatogonia.
Type B cells - move to lumen becoming primary spermatocytes.

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13
Q

Primary spermatocytes undergo ________, forming?
Then these undergo _________, and are called?
And these undergo _________, forming a tail, becoming sperm.

A

Meiosis one. Secondary spermatocytes.

Meiosis two. Spermatids.

Spermiogenesis.

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14
Q

Gonads produces sex cells called _______ by _________ and secrete what sex hormones?

A

Gametes

Gametogenesis

Androgens (males), estrogens and progesterone

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15
Q

What cells extend from basal lamina to the lumen surrounding developing cells. They are bound by _______ __________. This forms an unbroken layer with the seminiferous tubule divided in two compartments:

A

Sustentacular cells

Tight junctions

The basal compartment: contains spermatigonia and primary spermatocytes

Adluminal compartment: contains meiotically active cells and tubule lumen (empty until puberty)

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16
Q

Sustentacular cells tight junctions form what?

This prevents?

A

Blood-testis barrier

Sperm antigens from escaping through the basil lamina into blood.

17
Q

Testicular regulation involves what 3 hormones?

A

GnRH-indirectly stimulates testes through FSH and LH

Gonadotropins-directly stimulate

Testicular hormones (male)-negative feedback controls

18
Q

GnRH releases FSH and LH What do these cause?

A

FSH causes sustentacular cells to release ABP (androgen binding protein).

LH stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone.

ABP binding of testosterone enhances spermatogenesis.

** need testosterone and ABP to make viable sperm.

19
Q

What is testosterone synthesized from? What effects do the prostate and brain neurons have on its transformation?

A

Cholesterol

Prostate – converted to dihydrotestosterone before binding with nucleus.

Brain neurons – converted to estradiol for stimulatory effects.

20
Q

An oocyte is an? These are surrounded by what two types of cells?

A

Immature egg in the follicle.

Surrounded by follicular cells and granulosa cells (internal external theca)

21
Q

The uterine tubes or fallopian tubes provide a site for fertilization of the?
How is this carried down towards the uterus?

A

Oocyte

Peristalsis and ciliary action

22
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease? What are three types?

A

General term of bacterial infection in female pelvic organs.
Salpingitis-fallopian tubes
Endometritis-uterine lining
Cophoritis-ovaries

23
Q

What are the two endometrial uterine glands?

A

Stratum functionalis-cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones (shed during menstruation.)

Stratum basalis-forms new functionalis after menstruation ends (Does not respond to ovarian hormones.)

24
Q

What are the three coats of the vagina?

What is the hymen?

A

Fibroelastic adventitia, smooth muscle muscularis, stratified squamous Mucosa.

Mucosa near vaginal orifice forms an incomplete partition

25
Q

Lobes in the mammory glands contain what that produce milk in lactating women?
Which then pass milk to what that opens to the outside?

A

Glandular Alveoli

Lactiferous ducts

26
Q

From where does breast cancer usually arrive?

A

Epithelial cells of ducts

27
Q

Describe the phases of oogenesis.(production of female sex cells by meiosis)

A

-Fetal period-oogonia multiply/store nutrients/produce all eggs
-Primordial follicle appear as oogonia transform into primary oocytes and begin meiosis stalling in prophase 1.
-Puberty activates one primary oocyte producing 2 haploid cells (first polar (un-needed) and secondary oocyte)
-Sec. oocyte is ovulated after metaphase 2.
NOTE: if met w/ sperm, sec.oocyte completes meiosis 2 making ovum (gamete) and 2nd polar body (un-needed)

28
Q

Females make 3 non functional polar bodies and one gamete (makes make 4), why?

A

Ensure that fertilized egg has enough nutrients for the 6-7 day journey to the uterus.

29
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle? When does ovulation occur?

A

Follicular phase-follicle growth (day14-18)
Luteal Phase- corpus luteum activity (day 14-28)

Ovulation occurs midcycle

30
Q

When the primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle, it then becomes a secondary follicle, what is happening in this time?
(follicular phase)

A

theca folliculi and granulosa cells cooperate to produce estrogens.
zona pellucida form around oocyte
antrum forms
Becomes Graafian follicle
antrum expands, bulges out.
primary oocyte completes meiosis 1, ready for ovulation…

31
Q

What is mittelschmerz and dysmenorrhea?

A

pain during ovulation

painful menstruation

32
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A

after ovulation-ruptured follicle fills w/blood
corpus luteum formed-secretes progesterone and estrogen
degenerates in 10 days if no conception, otherwise it moves and produces these hormones until placenta takes over in week 12

33
Q

Describe the feedback mechanism of the ovarian cycle.

A

Day 1-GnRH (hypothal) generates FSH and LH which stimulate follicle growth, low estrogen release. Which then inhibits FSH/LH and tells ant. pit to make gonadotropins. Higher level of estrogen trigger hypothal to surge LH/FSH, making primary oocyte to complete meiosis 2.
Day 14-LH triggers ovulation, turning into corpus luteum producing prog/estr, inhibiting FSH/LH which ends luteal activity.
Day 26-28-hormone decline, starts over.

34
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle? (Endometrium goes through in response to ovarian hormones)

A

Day 1-5: Menstrual phase- uterus sheds almost all
Day 6-14: Proliferate phase-endometrium rebuilds
Day 15-28: Secretory phase-endometrium prepares for implantation of embryo

35
Q

What is Gonorrhea?

A

Bacterial infection spread by contact with genital, anal, and pharyngeal mucosal surfaces.

36
Q

What is syphilis?

A

Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or contracted congenitally. chancre appears at infection site and disappears shortly after.
Secondary syphilis has rash, joint pain, fever. Can lead to tertiary syphilis of gummas.(lesions)

37
Q

What is genital warts?

A

Infections caused by HPV. increased risk of cancers

38
Q

What are the Gubernaculum and Spermatic Cord?

A

Gub-fibrous cord that extends from testes to the scrotum anchoring them inferiorly.
SC-blood vessels, nerves, and fascial layers that help suspend the testes.

Anatomy & Physiology 210 (21 decks)

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