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Anatomy & Physiology 210 > Chapter 25 Fluid/Electrolytes > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Fluid/Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What two classifications are solutes divided???

A

Electrolytes: can break down to ions
NonElectrolytes: do not break down

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2
Q

Electrolytes have greater osmotic pressure power than non electrolytes…Why?

Water moves according to osmotic gradients, in what direction?

A

Elec have 2X the amount of solute because the breakdown of ions into more total particles.

High OP pulls H2O so…
High solute pulls H2O.

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3
Q

What is the distinctive electrolyte pattern of both extra and intracellular compartments?

A 
EXTRA-
Sodium chief CATION
Chloride major ANION
INTRA-
Potassium chief CATION
Phosphate chief ANION
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4
Q

What is substantial in the movement of fluid among compartments? How does this move?

A

Water

Passive osmosis

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5
Q

Ion fluxes are restricted and move selectively by _______ _______.

Nutrients, resp. gases, and wastes move ____________.

________ is the only fluid circulating thru out and links inter w/ external environm.

Osmolalities of all body fluids are _______.

A

active transport

unidirectionnaly (passive transport)

Plasma

EQUAL

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6
Q

To remain properly hydrated, water ______ must ________ water _______. The intake sources are:

A

intake equal output
Ingested fluid 60% food 30%
metabolic water 10%

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7
Q

Water output is in what forms?

A

Urine 60%, feces 4%

Insensible losses 28%, sweat 8%

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8
Q

Increases in plasma osmolarity trigger thirst and release of _____. Why?

A

ADH

Loss of water because plasma has high solute

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9
Q

Water occupies what two compartments of the body? And what two major subdivisions of one of those?

A

Intracellular Fluid (ICF):2/3, cells
Extracellular Fluid (ECF):
~Plasma-blood fluid
~Interstitial fluid (IF)-between cells

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10
Q

When is the hypothalamic thirst center stimulated?

A

low blood vol (low h20)
increase plasma osmo (high solute)
baroreceptor input, angio II, other stimuli

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11
Q

What feedback inhibits thirst center?

A 
moistened mucosa (mouth/throat)
activated stomach and stretch receptors
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12
Q

What triggers or inhibits ADH release?

A

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors (nerve monitoring plasma osmo)

TRIGGERS:
fever, vomiting, diarrhea, high sweating, blood loss, burns

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13
Q

What makes a hypotonic hydration occur?
What is the sodium content in the ECF?
What condition can be caused, which does?

A

Excess in water (or renal insuff)
Sodium normal, water high.
Hyponatremia-low solute con because high water, net osmosis into tissue causing swelling

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14
Q

What is atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling?

A

Edema

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15
Q

What is hypoproteinemia? What does it force?

How can this happen?

A

Lack of plasma protein.
fluid out of cap beds at the arterial ends
protein malnutrition, liver dz, glomerulonephritis

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16
Q

What is compartment syndrome? What causes this?

A

Interstitial fluid accumulation resulting in low BP and low circulation.
Blocked lymph vessels causing proteins to leak into Interst. fluid.

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17
Q

Salts are important for:

A

Neuromuscular excitability
Secretory activity (neurotrans)
Membrane permeability (ionic pres)
Controlling fluid movements

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18
Q

What electrolyte (solute) accounts for 90% of all ECF solutes, is the single most abundant cation in ECF, and is the ONLY cation exerting significant osmotic pressure?

A

Sodium
When water is down, so is sodium.
Sodium ions leak into cells and are pumped out against their electrochemical gradient.
*sodiums role in controlling ECF volume and water distribution.

19
Q

What triggers the release of aldosterone?

A

(Renin-angiotensin mech)
Renin catalyzes the production of angiotensin II which prompts aldosterone.

Adrenal cortical cells directly stimulates also.

20
Q

Explain how aldosterone is involved and what occurs when K+ levels are high in ECF.

A

If K+ is high, then its just high OR water is too low making K+ concentration appear high. Low water means low sodium.
Aldos. stim kidneys to secrete K+ and hold (reabsorb) sodium and water, decreasing urine output.

21
Q

When blood volume increases, what is alerted? This causes what 4 occurrences once alerted? What is this whole process called?

A 
Carotid artery baroreceptors.
SNS impulses to kidney slow.
Arterioles dilate.
Glomerular filtration increases
Sodium/water output increases

PRESSURE DIURESIS

22
Q

ANP is released in response to? and does what?

A

Stretch in the heart atria (higher BP)
Inhibits angio II, releasing sodium and water. Lowers BP!
(similar to ace inhib)

23
Q

Estrogens cause what?

A

Enhance NaCl reabsorp by renal tubules.
Water retention during menstrual cycle.
Edema during pregnancy.

24
Q

Progesterone and glucocorticoids cause?

A

Prog-decrease Na+ reabsorp./acts as diuretic, na+ and h20 loss.
GC-enhance reabsorp of sodium and promote edema (cushings)

25
Q

Potassium ion concentration affects cells _____ ______.
Excessive ECF pot. does?
Too little K+ causes?
Such K+ can lead to what 2 deadly conditions?

A

membrane potential
decreases membrane potential
hyperpolarizations (non responsiveness)

HYPERKALEMIA
HYPOKALEMIA

26
Q

Where is K+ balance controlled? and controls its own ECF via?

A

Cortical collecting ducts (for each Na reabsor, a K+ is secreted)

Feedback regulation of aldosterone release

27
Q

Ionic calcium in ECF is important for:
What does hypo and hyper calcemia do?
Calcium balance is controlled by?

A

Blood clotting, cell membrane permeability, secretory behavior.
Hypo-increases excitability, muscle tentany.
Hyper-inhibits neurons and muscle cells. cause heart arrhythmias.

PTH (reg. cal) and CALCITONIN (antag)

28
Q

PTH promotes increase in calcium levels by targeting:

A

Bones-break down
Small intestine-food absorp
Kidney-cal reabsorp, decrease phos reabsorp.

29
Q

Calcitonin is released in response to high calcium levels. What is its job, and relevance?

A

PTH antagonist (prevents cal levels rise)

Minor

30
Q

Define alkalosis and acidosis.

A

arterial blood ph rises above 7.45

below 7.35

31
Q

How are hydrogen ions regulated (in order)?

A

1-Chemical buffer system-within seconds
(co2 and water to carbonic acid to bicarbonate and then backward)
2-Resp center in brain (for lung breathing)-minutes
3-Kidney- (urinating) days

32
Q

Explain the diff of weak/strong acids/bases.

A

Strong acid-all H+ dissassoc completely in water
Weak acid-partially dissa/efficiently prevents ph changes

Strong base-diss easily and grabs H+ quickly
Weak base-accept H slower

33
Q

What are the three major chemical buffer systems?

A

Bicarbonate
Phosphate
Protein

*Any drifts in Ph are resisted by the entire chemical buffering system.

34
Q

What occurs in the bicarbonate buffer system when strong acid/base is added?

A

acid-H+ released combine with bicarb and form carbonic acid
ph slightly decreases

base-reacts with carbonic acid to form sodium bicarb. ph rises slightly

*ECF ONLY BUFFER

35
Q

How will the phosphate buffer system work?

A

Same as bicarb buff

*effective in urine and ICF

36
Q

How does the most plentiful and powerful buffer, the protein buffer work?

A

Can bind or release H+ ions based on ph levels

37
Q

Physiological buffers regulate ph by:
Chemical buffers regulate ph by:
Kidneys regulate ph by:

A

Lung reg co2/o2…ridding of co2
chemical tie up acids/bases but not remove
kidneys rid through urine and prevent *ultimate acid/base reg organ

38
Q

What is the most important renal mechanism for regulating acid/base balance?

A

reabsorbing or generating new bicarbonate, or excreting bicarb.

(losing bicarb is same as gaining H+, reabsorb bicarb is same as losing H+)

39
Q

If ph cannot be explained by CO2 level, then acidosis/alkalosis is not:

A

respiratory, (its metabolic)

40
Q

CO2 combines with water in tubule forming _______.
Carbonic acid splits into _____ and ________.
For each H+ secreted, a ______ and ________ are reabsorbed by PCT.
Secreted H+ form _______, thus, bicarbonate disappears from filtrate at the same rate that it enters the Peritubular cap blood.

A

Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Hydrogen and bicarbonate (H+ + HCO3-)
Hydrogen and sodium
carbonic acid

41
Q 
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) formed in filtrate dissociates to release \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Carbon dioxide then diffuses into tubule cells, where it acts to trigger further \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ secretion.
A

carbon dioxide water

hydrogen

42
Q

Respiratory acidosis is the most common cause of acid/base imbalance. What occurs in pt?
What is the most important indicator of resp. inadequacy?

A

Pt breaths shallow, or gas exchange bad due to emphysema, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis.

co2

resp. alka common result of hyperventilation (co2 removal high from heavy breaths, low co2 in blood)

43
Q

If in metabolic acidosis/alkalosis then…

Metab acidosis 2nd most common, causes?

A

bicarbonate levels too high/low

too much alcohol, excessive loss of bicarb. lactid acid accum., shock, ketosis (diabetic),starvation, renal failure.

44
Q

What are some causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A

(rising blood ph/bicarb levels)

  • vomiting (acid contents)
  • ingesting too much base (antacids)
  • constipation (excessive bicarb reabsorb)

Anatomy & Physiology 210 (21 decks)

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