Ch 1 Body Orientation Flashcards
What are the subdivisions of anatomy?
Gross – regional (local), surface, systematic (whole)
microscopic – cytology (cells), histology (tissue)
What is anatomy?
Study of structure of body parts
What are the essential tools for the study of anatomy?
Anatomical terminology
observation (see)
manipulation (move)
palpation (touch)
What is physiology?
Study of Function at many levels
What are the subdivisions of physiology?
Organ systems
pathophysiology
What is Pathophysiology?
Relationship between disease and organ system. (Stops working normally)
What are the essential tools for physiology?
Ability to focus at many levels (organization)
basic physical principles
Integumentary system
Forms the external body covering
composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
protects deep tissues from injury
synthesizes vitamin D
regulates temperature
holds fluids
Skeletal system
Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
protects and supports body organs provide the framework for muscles sight of blood cell formation
stores minerals
Muscular system
Composed of muscles and tendons allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
maintains posture
produces heat
Nervous system
Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
*fast acting control system
Endocrine system
Composed of pineal gland, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, ovaries
Secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism
*slow acting control system
Cardiovascular system
Compose of the heart and blood vessels
heart pumps blood
blood vessels transport blood throughout body
brings 02 and nutrients to cells
carry CO2 and waste from cells
Lymphatic system or immune
Composed of red bone marrow, Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
Respiratory system
*gas exchange
composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
involved in acid/base balance
Digestive system
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, Anus, and liver
breaks down food into absorbable units that into the blood
eliminates indigestible food stuffs as feces
Urinary system
Composed of kidneys, ureter’s, urinary bladder, and urethra
eliminates nitrogenous waste
regulates water, electrolytes, and pH balance of the blood
Male reproductive system
Composed of prostate gland, Penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
Main function is the production of offspring
testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
Female reproductive system
Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Main function is production of offspring ovaries
produce eggs and female sex hormones
remaining structure serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn
What are the components of a control mechanism and what does each do? Biological reference?
1)Receptor (sensor)-monitors the environment. responds to stimui
2)control center-determines the set point at which the variable is maintained. receives input from the receptors. determines appropriate response.
3)effector-receives output from control center. provides the means to respond. response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus.
Recep-temperature cells in skin in brain
Cont-brain information sent to the effector
Effec-sweat glands activated
What are the two effector responses?
Negative feedback – the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus.
Positive feedback – the response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. (infrequent event)
What are some examples of negative feedback?
Regulation of body temperature
regulation of blood volume
regulation of blood sugar
What are examples of positive feedback?
Enhancement of labor contractions
platelet plug formation and blood clotting
What can occur with homeostatic imbalance?
Disturbance of homeostasis –
increase risk of disease
contributes to changes associated with aging
may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure, high blood pressure)
What is superior?
Toward the head end
upper part of the structure
Above
What is inferior?
Away from the head end
lower part
below
What is ventral (anterior)?
Front of the body
What is dorsal (posterior)?
Back of the body
behind
What is medial?
Middle
toward or at the midline of the body
inner side
What is lateral?
Away from the midline of the body
outer side of
What is ‘intermediate’ ?
Between a more medial and more lateral structure
What directional terms are referred to extremities?
Proximal and distal
What is proximal?
Towards the torso
What is distal?
Towards the tips
Away
What is superficial?
External
toward the body
What is deep?
Internal
away from the body surface
What are the two major divisions of the body?
Axial – head neck and trunk
appendicular – limbs
What is a body plane?
Flat surface along which body or structures cut for anatomical study
What is sagittal plane?
Divides body vertically into right and left parts
What is midsagittal plane?
(Median)
lies on midline
What is parasagittal plane?
Not on midline
What is frontal coronal plane?
Divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
(Front & back)
What is transverse horizontal plane?
Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
Above & below
What is a oblique section?
Cuts made diagonally
What produces a sagittal section? What produces a cross-section?
Sagittal plane
transverse plane
What are the two general body cavities?And their function?
Dorsal-protects nervous system
ventral-houses internal organs
What are the two subdivision of dorsal cavity? What do they house?
Cranial cavity-encases brain
vertebral cavity-encases spinal cord
What are the two subdivisions of the ventral cavity and what do they house?
Thoracic cavity-
Pleural cavity (lungs), mediastinum: superior mediastinum (surrounds thoracic organs), pericardium (heart)
Abdominopelvic cavity – abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver), pelvic cavity(urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
What is the inner and outer serous membrane called? What is a serous membrane?
Visceral-inner
Parietal-outer
Thin clear membrane that wraps around the organs
Name the serous membranes and what they house.
Visceral (inner)
Parietal (outer) pericardium:heart
Visceral (inner)
Parietal (outer) pleura: lungs
Visceral (inner)
Parietal (outer) peritoneum: all abdominopelvic organs
What does each of the following do in a cell?
Nucleus, plasma membrane cytoplasm cytoskeleton ribosomes RER SER Golgi apparatus mitochondria centrioles in centrosomes lysosomes and peroxisome’s
Contains the DNA
Controls what gets into the cell
Fluid filled portion of the cell
Controls the position of structures
Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis for export
Carb and lipid metabolism
Modifies processes substances
ATP synthesis
Control cytoskeleton
Break down structures
Detoxify substances and aid lipid metabolism
What four things are in the nucleus and what do they do?
Chromatin – DNA within the cell bound to proteins
Nuclear membrane envelope – controls what gets into the nucleus
Nucleosis – produces ribosomes
Nuclear pore – allow substance to enter exit nucleus
What is the cell cycle order?
Interphase which contains -G1 S G2.
Mitosis phases – prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
then cytokinesis
What occurs in all the cell stages?
Interphase:
G1 cell growth normal function
S-phase DNA replication
G2 prepare for cell division
Mitosis:
Prophase – nuclear envelope breaks up,centrioles sep, spindles forming chromatin condenses
Metaphase – chromosomes align in the center
Anaphase – chromosome separate begin to move
Tele phase – nuclear envelope reforms spindles breakdown chromosomes decondense
Cytokinesis – division of the cell membrane two new identical cells formed
What are the passive transports?
Simple diffusion – particles move from high to low concentration facilitated diffusion – particles move from high to low concentration through protein carrier osmosis – water flows through plasma membrane
Filtration – water and particles move through membrane due to hydrostatic pressure
What are the two major divisions of the body, regional?
Axial – head neck and trunk appendicular – limbs
Name the abdominopelvic regions.
Right and left hypochondriac region right and left lumbar region
right and left Iliac inhuman region epigastric region
umbilical region
hypogastric region
Name six other body cavities.
Oral and digestive nasal orbital middle ear synovial
Name the head and neck body landmarks
Cephalic – head frontal – forehead otic – ear Buccal- cheek mental-chin nasal – nose oral – mouth orbital – Eye occipital – back of head cervical-neck
Name the body landmarks for the torso.
Thoracic – chest sternal – mid chest abdominal – Belly pelvic-between hips sacral – between glutes perineal – pelvic floor
Name the body landmarks for the upper limb.
Deltoid – shoulder acromial – top of shoulder axillary – armpit brachial – upper arm antebrachial – foearm cubital – elbow outside antecubital – bend elbow carpal – wrist Manus- hand Palmar – palm of hand pollex – thumb
Name body landmarks for the lower limb
Gluteal – butt cheeks Femoral-thigh patellar – kneecap popliteal – back of knee fibular – lower leg Sural-calf Tarsal – ankle pedal – foot plantar – sole of foot calcaneal – heel Hallux – big toe
Examples of complementary.
Function always reflects structure
Six characteristics of living things
Organization metabolism growth and development responsiveness regulation reproduction
What is an isotope
Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
What is radioisotope
Atoms that undergo spontaneous Decay,
unstable
What is an anion what is a Cation
An ion have gained electrons negative charge nonmetal
Cat ion lost electrons positive charge metal
What side of the periodic table are nonmetals and metals?
Metals on the left nonmetals on the right
Ionic compounds are made from? Covalent compounds are made from?
Ionic – Metal cation and nonmetal anion
Covalent – nonmetal anion and nonmetal anion
What are four forms of energy
Chemical-stored in the bonds of chemical substances
electrical-results from the movement of charged particles
mechanical-directly involved in moving matter
radiant-Energy traveling in waves
What are exergonic and endergontic reactions?
Exergonic- reactions that release energy catabolic
Exothermic release heat
Endergonic- reactions whose products contain more potential energy than reactants anabolic
Endothermic absorb heat
Explain colloids and give example
Heterogeneous mixtures whose solutes do not settle out
Cytosol
Explain suspensions and give example
Heterogeneous mixture with visible solutes, settle out
blood
What are fat soluble vitamins
K
A
D
E
What is the function of carbs?
Energy storage and structural molecules in DNA for self service recognition
What factors influence chemical reaction rates?
Increased temperature increases rate
Decrease particle size increases rate
Increase concentration of reactant increases rate
What is a catalyst? what are biological catalyst called?
Increase rate without being chemically changed
Enzymes
What are in organic compounds? Examples?
Do not contain carbon bonds examples water salts acids and bases
H20
Nacl
What is a neutralization reaction? What is the result?
Acid and a base turns into salt and water
Hcl + naOH—> salt + water
What is normal blood pH? how is blood buffered?
7.35-7.45
What is the basic unit for carbohydrates? What is the chemical bond and what is the energy storage?
Saccharide
Glycosidic
4 cal/gram
What is the energy storage for lipids?
9 cal per gram
What are types of (lipid) steroids?
Cholesteryl fat soluble vitamins Eicosanoids Lipoprotein's Waxes
What is the function of lipids?
Energy storage
What are the atom elements for carbs lipids proteins and nucleic acid’s?
Carb- C H O
lipid- C H O
Protein-C H O N S P
nuc ac- C H O N P
What is the energy storage for proteins
4 cal/ gram
What are the two major classes of proteins and what’s the difference?
Fibrous/structural proteins (extended strand like insoluble in water stable)
GLobular/functional protein (compact spiracle water-soluble chemically active
What are the 2 types of proteins categories associated with the membrane? Protein they use? Explain their function
Integral proteins-inserted in the membrane
(transport, enzymes, receptor proteins)
Peripheral proteins – loosely attached on either side
(Intercellular adhesion, Glycocalyx, attachment)
What are the three membrane junctions and their function
Tight junction – watertight
desmosome – anchoring scattered along side
gap junction – allows chemical substances to pass between cells
What are the types of active transport?
Primary active transport – uses directly
Secondary active transport – indirectly(depends on an ion gradient created by the primary transport)
Explain cotransports?
(secondary active transport)
Symport system – two substances transported in same direction
anti-port system – two substances transported in opposite directions
What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Both increase in size of tissue
Hyperplasia- due to increased cell number
Hypertrophy- due to increased cell size
