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Anatomy & Physiology 210 > Ch 1 Body Orientation > Flashcards

Ch 1 Body Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

A

Gross – regional (local), surface, systematic (whole)

microscopic – cytology (cells), histology (tissue)

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2
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Study of structure of body parts

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3
Q

What are the essential tools for the study of anatomy?

A

Anatomical terminology
observation (see)
manipulation (move)
palpation (touch)

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4
Q

What is physiology?

A

Study of Function at many levels

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5
Q

What are the subdivisions of physiology?

A

Organ systems

pathophysiology

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6
Q

What is Pathophysiology?

A

Relationship between disease and organ system. (Stops working normally)

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7
Q

What are the essential tools for physiology?

A

Ability to focus at many levels (organization)

basic physical principles

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8
Q

Integumentary system

A

Forms the external body covering

composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails

protects deep tissues from injury

synthesizes vitamin D
regulates temperature
holds fluids

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9
Q

Skeletal system

A

Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
protects and supports body organs provide the framework for muscles sight of blood cell formation
stores minerals

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10
Q

Muscular system

A

Composed of muscles and tendons allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
maintains posture
produces heat

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11
Q

Nervous system

A

Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

*fast acting control system

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12
Q

Endocrine system

A

Composed of pineal gland, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, ovaries

Secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism

*slow acting control system

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13
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Compose of the heart and blood vessels

heart pumps blood

blood vessels transport blood throughout body
brings 02 and nutrients to cells
carry CO2 and waste from cells

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14
Q

Lymphatic system or immune

A

Composed of red bone marrow, Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream

Houses white blood cells involved with immunity

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14
Q

Respiratory system

A

*gas exchange
composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
involved in acid/base balance

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15
Q

Digestive system

A

Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, Anus, and liver

breaks down food into absorbable units that into the blood

eliminates indigestible food stuffs as feces

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16
Q

Urinary system

A

Composed of kidneys, ureter’s, urinary bladder, and urethra

eliminates nitrogenous waste

regulates water, electrolytes, and pH balance of the blood

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17
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Composed of prostate gland, Penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens

Main function is the production of offspring
testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract

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18
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Main function is production of offspring ovaries
produce eggs and female sex hormones
remaining structure serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn

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19
Q

What are the components of a control mechanism and what does each do? Biological reference?

A

1)Receptor (sensor)-monitors the environment. responds to stimui
2)control center-determines the set point at which the variable is maintained. receives input from the receptors. determines appropriate response.
3)effector-receives output from control center. provides the means to respond. response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus.
Recep-temperature cells in skin in brain
Cont-brain information sent to the effector
Effec-sweat glands activated

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20
Q

What are the two effector responses?

A

Negative feedback – the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus.
Positive feedback – the response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. (infrequent event)

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21
Q

What are some examples of negative feedback?

A

Regulation of body temperature

regulation of blood volume

regulation of blood sugar

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22
Q

What are examples of positive feedback?

A

Enhancement of labor contractions

platelet plug formation and blood clotting

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23
Q

What can occur with homeostatic imbalance?

A

Disturbance of homeostasis –
increase risk of disease

contributes to changes associated with aging

may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure, high blood pressure)

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24
Q

What is superior?

A

Toward the head end

upper part of the structure

Above

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25
Q

What is inferior?

A

Away from the head end

lower part

below

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26
Q

What is ventral (anterior)?

A

Front of the body

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27
Q

What is dorsal (posterior)?

A

Back of the body

behind

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28
Q

What is medial?

A

Middle

toward or at the midline of the body

inner side

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29
Q

What is lateral?

A

Away from the midline of the body

outer side of

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30
Q

What is ‘intermediate’ ?

A

Between a more medial and more lateral structure

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31
Q

What directional terms are referred to extremities?

A

Proximal and distal

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32
Q

What is proximal?

A

Towards the torso

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33
Q

What is distal?

A

Towards the tips

Away

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34
Q

What is superficial?

A

External

toward the body

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35
Q

What is deep?

A

Internal

away from the body surface

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36
Q

What are the two major divisions of the body?

A

Axial – head neck and trunk

appendicular – limbs

37
Q

What is a body plane?

A

Flat surface along which body or structures cut for anatomical study

38
Q

What is sagittal plane?

A

Divides body vertically into right and left parts

39
Q

What is midsagittal plane?

A

(Median)

lies on midline

40
Q

What is parasagittal plane?

A

Not on midline

41
Q

What is frontal coronal plane?

A

Divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
(Front & back)

42
Q

What is transverse horizontal plane?

A

Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts

Above & below

43
Q

What is a oblique section?

A

Cuts made diagonally

44
Q

What produces a sagittal section? What produces a cross-section?

A

Sagittal plane

transverse plane

45
Q

What are the two general body cavities?And their function?

A

Dorsal-protects nervous system

ventral-houses internal organs

46
Q

What are the two subdivision of dorsal cavity? What do they house?

A

Cranial cavity-encases brain

vertebral cavity-encases spinal cord

47
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the ventral cavity and what do they house?

A 
Thoracic cavity-
       Pleural cavity (lungs), mediastinum: superior mediastinum (surrounds thoracic organs), pericardium (heart)

Abdominopelvic cavity – abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver), pelvic cavity(urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

48
Q

What is the inner and outer serous membrane called? What is a serous membrane?

A

Visceral-inner

Parietal-outer

Thin clear membrane that wraps around the organs

49
Q

Name the serous membranes and what they house.

A

Visceral (inner)
Parietal (outer) pericardium:heart

Visceral (inner)
Parietal (outer) pleura: lungs

Visceral (inner)
Parietal (outer) peritoneum: all abdominopelvic organs

50
Q

What does each of the following do in a cell?
Nucleus, plasma membrane cytoplasm cytoskeleton ribosomes RER SER Golgi apparatus mitochondria centrioles in centrosomes lysosomes and peroxisome’s

A

Contains the DNA

Controls what gets into the cell

Fluid filled portion of the cell

Controls the position of structures

Protein synthesis

Protein synthesis for export

Carb and lipid metabolism

Modifies processes substances

ATP synthesis

Control cytoskeleton

Break down structures

Detoxify substances and aid lipid metabolism

51
Q

What four things are in the nucleus and what do they do?

A

Chromatin – DNA within the cell bound to proteins
Nuclear membrane envelope – controls what gets into the nucleus
Nucleosis – produces ribosomes
Nuclear pore – allow substance to enter exit nucleus

52
Q

What is the cell cycle order?

A

Interphase which contains -G1 S G2.

Mitosis phases – prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

then cytokinesis

53
Q

What occurs in all the cell stages?

A

Interphase:
G1 cell growth normal function
S-phase DNA replication
G2 prepare for cell division

Mitosis:
Prophase – nuclear envelope breaks up,centrioles sep, spindles forming chromatin condenses
Metaphase – chromosomes align in the center
Anaphase – chromosome separate begin to move
Tele phase – nuclear envelope reforms spindles breakdown chromosomes decondense
Cytokinesis – division of the cell membrane two new identical cells formed

54
Q

What are the passive transports?

A

Simple diffusion – particles move from high to low concentration facilitated diffusion – particles move from high to low concentration through protein carrier osmosis – water flows through plasma membrane
Filtration – water and particles move through membrane due to hydrostatic pressure

55
Q

What are the two major divisions of the body, regional?

A

Axial – head neck and trunk appendicular – limbs

56
Q

Name the abdominopelvic regions.

A

Right and left hypochondriac region right and left lumbar region
right and left Iliac inhuman region epigastric region
umbilical region
hypogastric region

57
Q

Name six other body cavities.

A 
Oral and digestive 
nasal 
orbital 
middle ear 
synovial
58
Q

Name the head and neck body landmarks

A 
Cephalic – head 
frontal – forehead 
otic – ear 
Buccal- cheek
 mental-chin
 nasal – nose 
oral – mouth 
orbital – Eye
 occipital – back of head 
cervical-neck
59
Q

Name the body landmarks for the torso.

A 
Thoracic – chest 
sternal – mid chest
abdominal – Belly
pelvic-between hips 
sacral – between glutes 
perineal – pelvic floor
60
Q

Name the body landmarks for the upper limb.

A 
Deltoid – shoulder 
acromial – top of shoulder 
axillary – armpit 
brachial – upper arm 
antebrachial – foearm
cubital – elbow outside 
antecubital – bend elbow
 carpal – wrist 
Manus- hand 
Palmar – palm of hand 
pollex – thumb
61
Q

Name body landmarks for the lower limb

A 
Gluteal – butt cheeks 
Femoral-thigh
 patellar – kneecap 
popliteal – back of knee
 fibular – lower leg 
Sural-calf
 Tarsal – ankle 
pedal – foot 
plantar – sole of foot
calcaneal – heel
Hallux – big toe
62
Q

Examples of complementary.

A

Function always reflects structure

63
Q

Six characteristics of living things

A 
Organization 
metabolism 
growth and development responsiveness 
regulation 
reproduction
64
Q

What is an isotope

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

65
Q

What is radioisotope

A

Atoms that undergo spontaneous Decay,

unstable

66
Q

What is an anion what is a Cation

A

An ion have gained electrons negative charge nonmetal

Cat ion lost electrons positive charge metal

67
Q

What side of the periodic table are nonmetals and metals?

A

Metals on the left nonmetals on the right

68
Q

Ionic compounds are made from? Covalent compounds are made from?

A

Ionic – Metal cation and nonmetal anion

Covalent – nonmetal anion and nonmetal anion

69
Q

What are four forms of energy

A

Chemical-stored in the bonds of chemical substances
electrical-results from the movement of charged particles
mechanical-directly involved in moving matter
radiant-Energy traveling in waves

70
Q

What are exergonic and endergontic reactions?

A

Exergonic- reactions that release energy catabolic
Exothermic release heat

Endergonic- reactions whose products contain more potential energy than reactants anabolic
Endothermic absorb heat

71
Q

Explain colloids and give example

A

Heterogeneous mixtures whose solutes do not settle out

Cytosol

72
Q

Explain suspensions and give example

A

Heterogeneous mixture with visible solutes, settle out

blood

73
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins

A

K
A
D
E

74
Q

What is the function of carbs?

A

Energy storage and structural molecules in DNA for self service recognition

75
Q

What factors influence chemical reaction rates?

A

Increased temperature increases rate

Decrease particle size increases rate

Increase concentration of reactant increases rate

76
Q

What is a catalyst? what are biological catalyst called?

A

Increase rate without being chemically changed

Enzymes

77
Q

What are in organic compounds? Examples?

A

Do not contain carbon bonds examples water salts acids and bases
H20
Nacl

78
Q

What is a neutralization reaction? What is the result?

A

Acid and a base turns into salt and water

Hcl + naOH—> salt + water

79
Q

What is normal blood pH? how is blood buffered?

A

7.35-7.45

80
Q

What is the basic unit for carbohydrates? What is the chemical bond and what is the energy storage?

A

Saccharide
Glycosidic
4 cal/gram

81
Q

What is the energy storage for lipids?

A

9 cal per gram

82
Q

What are types of (lipid) steroids?

A 
Cholesteryl 
fat soluble vitamins 
Eicosanoids
Lipoprotein's
Waxes
83
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Energy storage

84
Q

What are the atom elements for carbs lipids proteins and nucleic acid’s?

A

Carb- C H O
lipid- C H O
Protein-C H O N S P
nuc ac- C H O N P

85
Q

What is the energy storage for proteins

A

4 cal/ gram

86
Q

What are the two major classes of proteins and what’s the difference?

A

Fibrous/structural proteins (extended strand like insoluble in water stable)

GLobular/functional protein (compact spiracle water-soluble chemically active

87
Q

What are the 2 types of proteins categories associated with the membrane? Protein they use? Explain their function

A

Integral proteins-inserted in the membrane
(transport, enzymes, receptor proteins)

Peripheral proteins – loosely attached on either side
(Intercellular adhesion, Glycocalyx, attachment)

88
Q

What are the three membrane junctions and their function

A

Tight junction – watertight

desmosome – anchoring scattered along side

gap junction – allows chemical substances to pass between cells

89
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A

Primary active transport – uses directly

Secondary active transport – indirectly(depends on an ion gradient created by the primary transport)

90
Q

Explain cotransports?

A

(secondary active transport)

Symport system – two substances transported in same direction

anti-port system – two substances transported in opposite directions

91
Q

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

A

Both increase in size of tissue

Hyperplasia- due to increased cell number

Hypertrophy- due to increased cell size

Anatomy & Physiology 210 (21 decks)

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