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Anatomy & Physiology 210 > Ch 1 Body Orientation > Flashcards

Ch 1 Body Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

A

Gross – regional (local), surface, systematic (whole)

microscopic – cytology (cells), histology (tissue)

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2
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Study of structure of body parts

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3
Q

What are the essential tools for the study of anatomy?

A

Anatomical terminology
observation (see)
manipulation (move)
palpation (touch)

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4
Q

What is physiology?

A

Study of Function at many levels

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5
Q

What are the subdivisions of physiology?

A

Organ systems

pathophysiology

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6
Q

What is Pathophysiology?

A

Relationship between disease and organ system. (Stops working normally)

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7
Q

What are the essential tools for physiology?

A

Ability to focus at many levels (organization)

basic physical principles

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8
Q

Integumentary system

A

Forms the external body covering

composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails

protects deep tissues from injury

synthesizes vitamin D
regulates temperature
holds fluids

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9
Q

Skeletal system

A

Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
protects and supports body organs provide the framework for muscles sight of blood cell formation
stores minerals

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10
Q

Muscular system

A

Composed of muscles and tendons allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
maintains posture
produces heat

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11
Q

Nervous system

A

Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

*fast acting control system

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12
Q

Endocrine system

A

Composed of pineal gland, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, ovaries

Secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism

*slow acting control system

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13
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Compose of the heart and blood vessels

heart pumps blood

blood vessels transport blood throughout body
brings 02 and nutrients to cells
carry CO2 and waste from cells

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14
Q

Lymphatic system or immune

A

Composed of red bone marrow, Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream

Houses white blood cells involved with immunity

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14
Q

Respiratory system

A

*gas exchange
composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
involved in acid/base balance

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15
Q

Digestive system

A

Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, Anus, and liver

breaks down food into absorbable units that into the blood

eliminates indigestible food stuffs as feces

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16
Q

Urinary system

A

Composed of kidneys, ureter’s, urinary bladder, and urethra

eliminates nitrogenous waste

regulates water, electrolytes, and pH balance of the blood

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17
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Composed of prostate gland, Penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens

Main function is the production of offspring
testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract

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18
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Main function is production of offspring ovaries
produce eggs and female sex hormones
remaining structure serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn

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19
Q

What are the components of a control mechanism and what does each do? Biological reference?

A

1)Receptor (sensor)-monitors the environment. responds to stimui
2)control center-determines the set point at which the variable is maintained. receives input from the receptors. determines appropriate response.
3)effector-receives output from control center. provides the means to respond. response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus.
Recep-temperature cells in skin in brain
Cont-brain information sent to the effector
Effec-sweat glands activated

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20
Q

What are the two effector responses?

A

Negative feedback – the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus.
Positive feedback – the response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. (infrequent event)

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21
Q

What are some examples of negative feedback?

A

Regulation of body temperature

regulation of blood volume

regulation of blood sugar

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22
Q

What are examples of positive feedback?

A

Enhancement of labor contractions

platelet plug formation and blood clotting

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23
Q

What can occur with homeostatic imbalance?

A

Disturbance of homeostasis –
increase risk of disease

contributes to changes associated with aging

may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure, high blood pressure)

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24
What is superior?
Toward the head end upper part of the structure Above
25
What is inferior?
Away from the head end lower part below
26
What is ventral (anterior)?
Front of the body
27
What is dorsal (posterior)?
Back of the body behind
28
What is medial?
Middle toward or at the midline of the body inner side
29
What is lateral?
Away from the midline of the body outer side of
30
What is 'intermediate' ?
Between a more medial and more lateral structure
31
What directional terms are referred to extremities?
Proximal and distal
32
What is proximal?
Towards the torso
33
What is distal?
Towards the tips Away
34
What is superficial?
External toward the body
35
What is deep?
Internal away from the body surface
36
What are the two major divisions of the body?
Axial – head neck and trunk appendicular – limbs
37
What is a body plane?
Flat surface along which body or structures cut for anatomical study
38
What is sagittal plane?
Divides body vertically into right and left parts
39
What is midsagittal plane?
(Median) lies on midline
40
What is parasagittal plane?
Not on midline
41
What is frontal coronal plane?
Divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior parts (Front & back)
42
What is transverse horizontal plane?
Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts | Above & below
43
What is a oblique section?
Cuts made diagonally
44
What produces a sagittal section? What produces a cross-section?
Sagittal plane transverse plane
45
What are the two general body cavities?And their function?
Dorsal-protects nervous system ventral-houses internal organs
46
What are the two subdivision of dorsal cavity? What do they house?
Cranial cavity-encases brain vertebral cavity-encases spinal cord
47
What are the two subdivisions of the ventral cavity and what do they house?
``` Thoracic cavity- Pleural cavity (lungs), mediastinum: superior mediastinum (surrounds thoracic organs), pericardium (heart) ``` Abdominopelvic cavity – abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver), pelvic cavity(urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
48
What is the inner and outer serous membrane called? What is a serous membrane?
Visceral-inner Parietal-outer Thin clear membrane that wraps around the organs
49
Name the serous membranes and what they house.
Visceral (inner) Parietal (outer) pericardium:heart Visceral (inner) Parietal (outer) pleura: lungs Visceral (inner) Parietal (outer) peritoneum: all abdominopelvic organs
50
What does each of the following do in a cell? Nucleus, plasma membrane cytoplasm cytoskeleton ribosomes RER SER Golgi apparatus mitochondria centrioles in centrosomes lysosomes and peroxisome's
Contains the DNA Controls what gets into the cell Fluid filled portion of the cell Controls the position of structures Protein synthesis Protein synthesis for export Carb and lipid metabolism Modifies processes substances ATP synthesis Control cytoskeleton Break down structures Detoxify substances and aid lipid metabolism
51
What four things are in the nucleus and what do they do?
Chromatin – DNA within the cell bound to proteins Nuclear membrane envelope – controls what gets into the nucleus Nucleosis – produces ribosomes Nuclear pore – allow substance to enter exit nucleus
52
What is the cell cycle order?
Interphase which contains -G1 S G2. Mitosis phases – prophase metaphase anaphase telophase then cytokinesis
53
What occurs in all the cell stages?
Interphase: G1 cell growth normal function S-phase DNA replication G2 prepare for cell division Mitosis: Prophase – nuclear envelope breaks up,centrioles sep, spindles forming chromatin condenses Metaphase – chromosomes align in the center Anaphase – chromosome separate begin to move Tele phase – nuclear envelope reforms spindles breakdown chromosomes decondense Cytokinesis – division of the cell membrane two new identical cells formed
54
What are the passive transports?
Simple diffusion – particles move from high to low concentration facilitated diffusion – particles move from high to low concentration through protein carrier osmosis – water flows through plasma membrane Filtration – water and particles move through membrane due to hydrostatic pressure
55
What are the two major divisions of the body, regional?
Axial – head neck and trunk appendicular – limbs
56
Name the abdominopelvic regions.
Right and left hypochondriac region right and left lumbar region right and left Iliac inhuman region epigastric region umbilical region hypogastric region
57
Name six other body cavities.
``` Oral and digestive nasal orbital middle ear synovial ```
58
Name the head and neck body landmarks
``` Cephalic – head frontal – forehead otic – ear Buccal- cheek mental-chin nasal – nose oral – mouth orbital – Eye occipital – back of head cervical-neck ```
59
Name the body landmarks for the torso.
``` Thoracic – chest sternal – mid chest abdominal – Belly pelvic-between hips sacral – between glutes perineal – pelvic floor ```
60
Name the body landmarks for the upper limb.
``` Deltoid – shoulder acromial – top of shoulder axillary – armpit brachial – upper arm antebrachial – foearm cubital – elbow outside antecubital – bend elbow carpal – wrist Manus- hand Palmar – palm of hand pollex – thumb ```
61
Name body landmarks for the lower limb
``` Gluteal – butt cheeks Femoral-thigh patellar – kneecap popliteal – back of knee fibular – lower leg Sural-calf Tarsal – ankle pedal – foot plantar – sole of foot calcaneal – heel Hallux – big toe ```
62
Examples of complementary.
Function always reflects structure
63
Six characteristics of living things
``` Organization metabolism growth and development responsiveness regulation reproduction ```
64
What is an isotope
Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
65
What is radioisotope
Atoms that undergo spontaneous Decay, | unstable
66
What is an anion what is a Cation
An ion have gained electrons negative charge nonmetal Cat ion lost electrons positive charge metal
67
What side of the periodic table are nonmetals and metals?
Metals on the left nonmetals on the right
68
Ionic compounds are made from? Covalent compounds are made from?
Ionic – Metal cation and nonmetal anion Covalent – nonmetal anion and nonmetal anion
69
What are four forms of energy
Chemical-stored in the bonds of chemical substances electrical-results from the movement of charged particles mechanical-directly involved in moving matter radiant-Energy traveling in waves
70
What are exergonic and endergontic reactions?
Exergonic- reactions that release energy catabolic Exothermic release heat Endergonic- reactions whose products contain more potential energy than reactants anabolic Endothermic absorb heat
71
Explain colloids and give example
Heterogeneous mixtures whose solutes do not settle out | Cytosol
72
Explain suspensions and give example
Heterogeneous mixture with visible solutes, settle out | blood
73
What are fat soluble vitamins
K A D E
74
What is the function of carbs?
Energy storage and structural molecules in DNA for self service recognition
75
What factors influence chemical reaction rates?
Increased temperature increases rate Decrease particle size increases rate Increase concentration of reactant increases rate
76
What is a catalyst? what are biological catalyst called?
Increase rate without being chemically changed | Enzymes
77
What are in organic compounds? Examples?
Do not contain carbon bonds examples water salts acids and bases H20 Nacl
78
What is a neutralization reaction? What is the result?
Acid and a base turns into salt and water | Hcl + naOH---> salt + water
79
What is normal blood pH? how is blood buffered?
7.35-7.45
80
What is the basic unit for carbohydrates? What is the chemical bond and what is the energy storage?
Saccharide Glycosidic 4 cal/gram
81
What is the energy storage for lipids?
9 cal per gram
82
What are types of (lipid) steroids?
``` Cholesteryl fat soluble vitamins Eicosanoids Lipoprotein's Waxes ```
83
What is the function of lipids?
Energy storage
84
What are the atom elements for carbs lipids proteins and nucleic acid's?
Carb- C H O lipid- C H O Protein-C H O N S P nuc ac- C H O N P
85
What is the energy storage for proteins
4 cal/ gram
86
What are the two major classes of proteins and what's the difference?
Fibrous/structural proteins (extended strand like insoluble in water stable) GLobular/functional protein (compact spiracle water-soluble chemically active
87
What are the 2 types of proteins categories associated with the membrane? Protein they use? Explain their function
Integral proteins-inserted in the membrane (transport, enzymes, receptor proteins) Peripheral proteins – loosely attached on either side (Intercellular adhesion, Glycocalyx, attachment)
88
What are the three membrane junctions and their function
Tight junction – watertight desmosome – anchoring scattered along side gap junction – allows chemical substances to pass between cells
89
What are the types of active transport?
Primary active transport – uses directly Secondary active transport – indirectly(depends on an ion gradient created by the primary transport)
90
Explain cotransports?
(secondary active transport) Symport system – two substances transported in same direction anti-port system – two substances transported in opposite directions
91
What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Both increase in size of tissue Hyperplasia- due to increased cell number Hypertrophy- due to increased cell size

Anatomy & Physiology 210 (21 decks)

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