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Anatomy & Physiology 210 > Chapter 23 Respiratory > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two zone of the resp. system? What are the general functions and specific parts of those zones?

A

Respiratory Zone: gas exchange (bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli)
Conducting Zone: What leads air to reach gas exchange sites (nose, nasal cav., phaynx, trachea)

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2
Q

What are the resp. muscles?

A

Diaphragm and other muscles that promote respiration.

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3
Q

What is the functions of the nose?

A

airway
moist/warm air
filter

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4
Q

What makes up the vestibule?

A

Nasal cavity

Vibrissae-filtering coarse hairs

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5
Q

Where do you find olfactory mucosa, what does it contain?

A

Superior nasal cavity

Smell receptors

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6
Q

What is the purpose of respiratory mucosa, what type of epithelium exists here?

A

Glands that secrete mucus containing lysozome and defensins to help destroy bacteria.
Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium

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7
Q

What is inspired air?
What removes contaminated mucus?
What triggers sneezing?

A

Humidified by water content in nasal cavity, warmed by cap.plexus
Ciliated mucosal cells.
Particles irritating sensitive mucosa.

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8
Q

During exhalation, the nasal mucosa and conchae attempt what?

A

Reclaim heat/moisture (and minimize loss)

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9
Q

The nasopharynx is lined with? And ________ during swallowing, why?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (air only passages contain)
Closes-prevent food upward

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10
Q

The oropharynx opens to the oral cavity via what archway? And is lined with a protective ______ _______ ________.

A

Fauces

Stratified squamous epithelium (air and food)

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11
Q

What is the common passageway for air and food?

A

Laryngopharynx

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12
Q

The three functions of the larynx (voice box) are?

A

An open airway.
Switching mechanism for routing air and food to proper channel.
Voice production.

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13
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx?

A 
Hyaline
Thyroid cart.
Cricoid cart.
arytenoid cart.
Epiglottis-elastic cart.
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14
Q

What are the four processes of respiration? What does each accomplish?

A

Pulmonary Ventilation-air movement in/out of lungs
External respiration-O2 from lung to blood. CO2 from blood to lung.
Transport of gases-O2 from lung to tissue, bring CO2 from tissue to lung.
Internal respiration-O2 from blood to tissue, CO2 from tissue to blood.

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15
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Elastic cartilage covering laryngeal inlet when swallowing.

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16
Q

Describe the vocal production of each of the following:
Speech
Pitch
Loudness

A

Speech-intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis.
Pitch-determined by the length and TENSION of the vocal cords.
Loudness-depends upon the FORCE at which the AIR rushes across the vocal cords.
(Pharynx amps sound quality)

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17
Q

The larynx is closed during coughing, sneezing, and Valsalva’s Maneuver…What is this?

A

Held air (closed glottis) in low resp. tract, abdominal pressure during ab contraction.

  • empties rectum
  • trunk splint for heavy loads
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18
Q

What are the three layers that make up the trachea?

A

(superficial to deep)
Adventitia-hyaline c-rings
Mucosa-goblet cells and ciliated epithelium
Submucosa-connective tissue

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19
Q

Bronchioles consist of _________ epithelium, have a complete layer of ________ muscle, lack _________ support and _________-producing cells.

A

cuboidal
smooth
cartilage, mucous

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20
Q

Alveoli presence define the ________ zone at the resp. bronchioles. These account for most of the lungs _______.

A

Respiratory

Volume

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21
Q

The air-blood barrier is composed of:
Alveolar walls are made of type 1 _________ cells, that permit:

What do type II cells secrete?

A

Alveolar and cap. walls, fused basal laminas.
Epithelial (SS)
simple diffusion gas exchange

surfactant

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22
Q

Alveoli contain open pores that:

What keeps alveolar surfaces sterile?

A

connect adjacent alveoli
allow equalized air pressure throughout lung

macrophages

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23
Q

What two circulations are the lungs perfused by?

A

Pulmonary A (Blue): branches along with bronchi into pul. cap. net., deoxygenated blood carried.

Pulmonary V (Red): carry oxygenated blood from resp. zone to heart.

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24
Q

The pulmonary plexus are _______ that enter lungs root and run along blood vessels. What do each cause? Why?

A

Nerves
Sym. NS: (F or F) dilate bronchioles-relaxing the bronchi allowing larger opening for more O2 inward flow (Epi->B2 recep on lungs->bronchidilate
Parasym NS: (R or D) constrict bronchi-preventing unec. O2 flow inward to clean

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25
Q

What is pleurisy? What happens?

A 
Inflammation of the pleurae (often result of pnuemonia)
causes friction (painful), fluid produced and accumulates (pleural effusion).
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26
Q

Breathing (pulmonary ventilation) consists of what two phases?

A

Inspiration

Expiration

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27
Q

What is respiratory pressure? What does pos and neg resp. press represent?

A

atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg)
Neg-resp. pres. is less than AP
Pos-resp. pres. is greater than AP

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28
Q

What are intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure? After pressure fluctuations, how do these relate homeostatically?

A

IPul:pressure within alveoli-always equals back to AP
IPle:pressure within pleural cavity-always less than IPul and AP.

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29
Q

What is lung collapse caused by? What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Equalization of intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures.

TPul=the diff between IPul and IPle pressures.

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30
Q

What is atelectasis? How does this occur? What is pneumothorax?

A

lung collapse, bronchiole obstruction.

Air enters pleural cavity by chest wound (air enters from outside) or visceral pleura rupture (air enter from resp. tract)

Presence of air in intrapleural space.

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31
Q

What is a more detailed description of pulmonary ventilation?

A 
Flow of gas dependent on volume. (Vol changes lead to pressure changes, allowing gas flow, equalizing pressure).
dec V is inc P=expiration (air out)
(above)>760mmHg
inc V is dec P=inhalation (air in)
(below)
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32
Q

What relationship does Boyles Law represent? Identify the formula and clarify each representation.

A

Relationship between pressure and volume of gases.
P1V1=P2V2
P=pressure of gas in mmHg
V=Volume of gas in cubic cm or mm

(subscripts rep. initial and resulting conditions)

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33
Q

Describe the 4 phases of inspiration.

A

1-Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, rib cage expands.
2-Lungs are stretched and intrapulmonary volume increases.
3-Intrapulmonary pressure drops below atmospheric pressure (-1mmHg or 759 mmHg)
4-Air flows into the lungs down pressure gradient, until intrapleural pressure = atmospheric pressure.

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34
Q

Describe the 5 phases of Expiration.

A

1-Inspiratory muscles relax and the rib cage descends due to gravity.
2-Thoracic cavity volume decreases.
3-Elastic lungs recoil passively and intrapulmonary volume decreases.
4-Intrapulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure (+1mmHg or 761 mmHg).
5-Gases flow out of the lungs down the pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0.

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35
Q

Gas flow in inversely proportional to resistance with the greatest resistance being in the ________ ________ ________.

A

medium sized bronchi

36
Q

If airway resistance rises, breathing becomes more strenuous. Severely constricted/obstructed bronchioles can:

A

Prevent life-sustaining ventilation

Occurs during acute asthma attacks stopping ventilation.

37
Q

What is surfactant? What does it do for the alveolus?

A

A detergent-like complex. reduces surface tension and prevents alveoli collapse. (Keeps alveoli damp w/ air pocket vs. water drops filling alveoli).

38
Q

What is IRDS, Infant Resp. Distress Syndrome?

A

Not enough surfactant produced in the lungs of premature babies.

39
Q

What is lung compliance, and the two determining factors?

A

The ease with which lungs can be expanded.(Measure of lung volume changes that occur with transpulmonary press. changes)
1-Distensibility (of lung tissue and thoracic cage)
2-Surface Tension (of alveoli)

40
Q

Name 4 factors that can diminish lung compliance.

A

Fibrosis (scar tissue)-reduces resilience of lungs
Blockage-mucus/fluid in smaller resp. passages
Reduced surfactant
Decreased flexibility-thoracic cage

41
Q

Name 3 medical examples of poor lung compliance.

A

Deformities of the thorax
Ossification of the costal cartilage
Paralysis of intercostal muscles

42
Q

Define the 4 respiratory volumes.

A

Tidal volume (TV)-normal breathing
Inspiratory Reserve Vol (IRV)-forced additional inspired air beyond TV
Expiratory Res. Vol (ERV)-forced addition expired air beyond tidal.
Residual Vol (RV)-never removed air

43
Q

Define the 4 respiratory capacities.

A

1-Inspiratory Cap (IC)-Total amount that can be inspired after tidal expir. (TV+IRV)
2.Functional Residual Cap (FRC)-at rest, amount of air remaining in lung after tidal exp. (ERV+RV)
3-Vital Capacity (VC)-total amount of exchangeable air (IRV+TV+ERV)
4-Total Lung Capacity (TLC)-sum of all volumes (IRV+TV+ERV+RV)

44
Q

As a spirometer is the instrument that evaluates resp. function. Spirometry can distinguish between:

A

Obstructive pulmonary dz-airway resis (inward air block)

Restrictive Disorder-TLC reduced (compliance issue, physical issues such as baby on chest, corset, calcified inter. cart, scar tissue)

45
Q

The take home message is that obstructive dz’s increase _____,_____,and _____.
And restrictive dz causes…

A

TLC, FRC, and RV

Reduction in VC, TLC, FRC, and RV.

46
Q

Define the 3 dead spaces.

A 
Anatomical ds-vol of conducting resp pass (150ml)
Alveolar dp (shouldnt have)-collapsed/obstruct alveoli (no gas exch)
Total dp-sum of alveolar and anatom ds
47
Q

What is AVR, Alveolar Ventilation Rate?

A

Measures the flow of fresh gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time.

Slow deep breathing increase AVR *good
Rapid shallow breathing decreases AVR *bad

48
Q

Define Daltons Law.

A 
total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently  by each gas in the mixture.
Exp:
78% Nit=593 mmhg
20% Oxy=152 mmhg
1% CO=8mmhg
1%H20=8mmhg
=760 mmHg (Atom Press)
49
Q

Define Henrys Law. How does it apply to Nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide? What is used to apply Henrys law?

A

When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.

Nit-insoluble in plasma
Oxy-1/20 as soluble as co (not easily dis)
CO-most soluble
*the higher the P of gas, the more likely to stay in liquid…so…O2 needs higher P to dissolve in blood.

50
Q

What are 3 factors influencing the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the resp. membrane?

A

1-Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
2-Matching of alveolar (airflow) ventilation and pulmonary (blood flow) blood perfusion.
3-Structural characteristics of the resp. membrane

51
Q

The partial P O2 of venous blood is 40mmhg; the partial P in alveoli is 104mmhg, why?

A

Steep gradient allows O2 part. P to rapidly reach equilibrium and thus blood can move 3X as quick through pulmonary cap and be oxygenated.

52
Q

CO has lower part P gradient but diffuses in equal amounts with ____?

A

O2

53
Q

What two things must be tightly regulated to have efficient gas exchange?

A

Ventilation-amount of gas reaching aveoli

Perfusion-blood flow reaching alveoli

54
Q

Changes is what effect the bronchioles diameter? What makes them dilate/constrict?

A

Pco2 (CO Part. P)

High alveolar CO(low O2)-Dilate
Low alveolar CO(High O2)-Constrict

55
Q

Describe the chemical formula for hemoglobin and O2.

A

Hb binds four O2

Hemo+Oxy=HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)
Hemo-Oxy=HHb (reduced hemo or deoxyhemo)
                   (lungs)
HHb + O2  HbO2 + H+
                    (tissue)
56
Q

What is sat and part. sat hemo?

A

sat-all four hemes are O2 bound

part. sat-one to three hemes bound to O2

57
Q

What factors regulate the rate of hemoglobin binding/releasing?

A

Releases: Binds:
PO2 \/ /\
PCO2 /\ \/
H+ /\ \/
PH (blood) \/ /\
BPG /\ \/
(ATP non sugar sources)

58
Q

98% sat arterial blood contains ___ml O2 per ____ml blood (___%). How much is released in caps?
Hemoglobin is almost completely sat at a PO2 of ____mmHg.
Only ___%-___% of bound O2 is unloaded during one systemic circulation.

A

20 per 100 (20%)
5ml
70mmhg
20-25

59
Q

As cells metabolize glucose, co2 is released into the blood causing:

Then, these cells release heat as byproduct, rise in temp increases ___ synthesis.

Which ensures _______ _________ near working tissue cells.

A

increase PO2 and H+ concentration in caps, decline ph (acid) weakening hemo-oxy bond (BOHR effect)

BPG

o2 unloading

60
Q 
What is hypoxia?
Explain the following:
Anemic Hypoxia
Ischemic Hypoxia
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Hypoxemic Hypoxia
A

inadequate o2 delivery to tissues
AH-too few RBC’s
IH-flow impaired (chf/emboli thrombi)
HH-cells unable to use O2 (tissue issue, cyanide pois)
HH-reduced arterial P02(abn vent-perf coup, pneum/pul dz, emphaz, asthma attack/breathing low o2, high alt)

61
Q

What is carbon monoxide poisoning? Why can it be lethal?

A

CO competes with O2 for binding sites on Hb.

CO binds 200 times easier than O2 to Hb.
Healthy blush appears on victim

62
Q

In what three forms is CO transported in the blood?

A

1: Dissolved in blood plasma (7-10%)
2: Hb bound (20% carbaminohemoglobin)
3: **Bicarbonate ion in flow (70% HCO3) **(BULK)

63
Q

What is the happens in the transport and exchange of CO2 from the tissue to the lungs?
What reversibly catalyzes the conversion of CO and H2O to carbonic acid?

A

CO+H2OH2CO3H+ + HCO3
(Carbon Dioxide + Water Carbonic Acid Hydrogen Ion + Bicarbonate ion)

Carbonic anhydrase

64
Q

At the tissues, bicarbonate does what?

A

diffuses from rbc’s into plasma

65
Q

At the lungs, HCO3 (bicarbonate), H2CO3 (carbonic acid), and CO does what?

A

Bicarb-move into rbcs and bind w/ hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid.
carb. acid is split by carb. anhydrase to release co and water.
co diffuses from blood to alveoli.

66
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

the lower the Po2 and hemo sat w/ O2, the more CO can be carried in the blood.
(/\ O2->release of co2 @lungs)

67
Q

How are Bohr effect and Haldane effect related?

A

They are opposite processes.
BE= release of O2 @ tissue (/\co2,/\h+,\/ph)
HE=release of co2 @ lung (/\O2)

68
Q

If hydrogen ion concentrations begin to rise or drop what occurs?

A

rise-excess H+ is removed by reacting with HCO3
drop-carbonic acid dissociates, releasing H+
So…
H2CO3 (if too acidic this occurs)H+ + HCO3 (if too basic this occurs)

69
Q

Resp rate changes can also alter ph? How so?

A

Slow shallow breathing lowers PH-keeps CO2 inward raising level, which makes increased H+, and therefore acts as an acid.

Rapid deep breathing raises PH-rids CO2, making basic

70
Q

There are 3 medullary resp. centers. What are those and what is the central job of each?

A

Dorsal resp. group (DRG)-Monitors the chemical composition in the blood (input from receptors of the lung, aorta, and carotid)
Ventral resp. group (VRG)-Pacesetter, EUPNEA: normal RR
Pontine resp group (PRG)-Works with other medullary centers to make breathing smooth, efficient, and regular.

71
Q

The depth and rate of breathing reflexes include:

A

Pulmonary irritant reflexes-irritant promote reflexive constriction of air passages
Inflation reflex-stretch receptor in lung stimulated by lung inflation.

When fully inflated, signals sent to medulla to end inspiration and begin expir.

72
Q

3 other factors control the depth and rate of breathing and bypass medullary controls. What are these?

A

Hypothalamic act thru limbic (anger)
Body temp (release heat)
Cortical controls direct sig of cerebral cortex (volunteer breath hold)

73
Q

Of all the chemicals, which is the most potent and influential of depth and rate?

A

CO2

74
Q

Pco2 levels rise resulting in increased depth and rate of breathing is an example of? And leads to?

A

hypercapnea

Hyperventilation

75
Q

What is hyperventilation? What can too much cause?

A

increased depth and rate of breathing flushing CO2 from blood

Hypocapnea-lower CO2 (dizziness)

76
Q

What is hypoventilation and can cause?

A

slow/shallow breathing due to abnormally low Pco2 levels

apnea (sleep cessation) - until Pco2 levels rise

77
Q

Exercise enhanced breathing is not prompted by an increase in ___ or a decrease in ____ or ___.

A

Pco2
Po2
PH

78
Q

How are hyperpnea and hyperventilation different?

A

Hyperpnea is exercised induced. Matches CO2 production.

Hyperventilation flushes co2 and will make changes to gases

79
Q

What is nitrogen narcosis?

A

When Nitrogen concentrates in lipid rich tissue (takes extended time period). gives a “high” to scuba divers

80
Q

What is acute mountain sickness?

A

high altitude

ha, sob, nausea, dizziness

81
Q

COPD victims develop resp failure as _________, accompanied by _______, ____ ______ ______, and ________ ________. They also have a hx of?

A

hypoventilation
hypoxemia
CO retention
resp. acidosis

smoking
dyspnea
coughing/pulmonary infections

82
Q

What is emphysema?

A

enlargement of alveoli with destruction of alveolar walls. (resp. zone)
requires energy
collapse bronchioles w/ air trapping in alveoli
increased resistance from damaged pulm caps (making r vent. overwork and enlarge)

83
Q

Chronic bronchitis is a result of?

A

inhaled irritants lead to chronic mucus production and fibrosis of the mucosal tissue.

Vent and gas excha impaired
pulm infections
dyspnea moderate compared to emphysema

84
Q

Compare the pink puffer vs blue bloater.

A

PP-works hard maintaining vent, loses weight, normal blood gas
BB-Stocky, sufficiently hypoxic, cyanotic

85
Q

Active inflammation of the airways precedes bronchospams in what dz?

A

Asthma

86
Q

Discuss the 3 forms of lung ca.

A

Squamous Cell carcinoma-arises in bronchial epithelium
Adenocarcinoma-peripheral lung area from bronchial glands/alveolar cells
Small Cell Carcinoma-lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize.

Anatomy & Physiology 210 (21 decks)

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