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Anatomy & Physiology 210 > Chapter 24 Urinary > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the kidney.

A

1-Renal Capsule:prevent kidney infec.
2-Perirenal fat capsule:fat cushioning/body wall attachment
3-Renal Fascia:outer layer anchoring

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2
Q

The major calyces collect, empty, and contain?

A

Collect urine from papillae
Empty urine to pelvis
Contain contractable smooth muscle (propel urine)

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3
Q

____ amount of blood flows through the kidney per min. and is served via ______ _______ nerve. What fibers regulate renal arteriole diameter?

A

1/4
renal plexus
sympathetic

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4
Q

What are the two major structural layers that decide what enters the glomerulus?

A

Glomerular endothelium-fenestrated (no proteins able to pass)

Filtrations slits-feet of podocytes eventually allowing solute into capsular space

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5
Q

The PCT of the renal tubule is composed of? and has what important function?

A

Microvilli cuboidal cells/mitochondria

reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes subs into filtrate

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6
Q

The proximal part of the Loop of Henle is similar to that of? and its two segments are what kind of cells?

A

PCT
SS Cells (osmosis)
Cuboidal to Columnar Cells (reabsorp)

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7
Q

The DCT is more focused on? and contains what cells?

A 
Secretion than reasorp.
cuboidal cells (no microvilli)
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8
Q

The two types of nephrons are called? And are different in what ways?

A

Cortical Nephron: Most (solute reg.)

Juxtamedullary Neph: Little (essential structure used for production of concentrated urine)

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9
Q

The two cap beds that serve nephrons are?

A

Glomerulus

Peritubular Caps

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10
Q

Why is blood pressure high in the glomerulus? What occurs because of these 2 reasons?

A
  • Arterioles are high resistance vessels
  • Afferent arter. have larger diameters than effer.

Fluid/solute forced out by hydrostatic P throughout glomerulus

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11
Q

Which capillary is low pressure in the nephron? And are adapted for?

A

Peritubular Cap.

Absorbtion (High Osmotic P)

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12
Q

Name the 3 major kidney functions and 2 additional functions performed.

A

1-Filter: 200L blood daily
2-Regulate: volume and chemicals
3-Balance: water salt acid/base

4-Gluconeogenesis (sugar from fat/prot): in prolonged fasting
5-Renin/Erythropoetin Production: BP and RBC formation

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13
Q

Afferent arter. will adjust according to BP to protect what? And also effects?

A

Glomeruli from fluctuations in systematic BP.

Efferent Arter. (reinfor. high glom P and reduces HP in peritub. cap)

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14
Q

Name the three parts to the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus.

A

Arteriole Walls have JG cells.

Macula Densa

Messanglial Cells

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15
Q

What purpose does the JG cells serve in the arteriole walls?

A

Granules that contain renin (for when P is down)
Act as mechanorecp (baro) to sense BP
Smooth muscle cells

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16
Q

What purpose do the macula densa cells serve, where are they located?

A

Chemorecp/osmorec. that respond (measure) dto NaCl in filtrate. (if too high, then kidney filtering to fast, visa versa)
DCT cells
adjacent to JG cells

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17
Q

What is the function of Mesanglial cells?

A

phagocytic/contractile properties.
influence cap. filtration.
(free debris from slits on podocytes)

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18
Q

Name and describe the 3 layers of the filtration membrane (divider of blood and glom capsule).

A

Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular caps

Visceral membrane of the glom cap (podocytes)

Basement membrane of fused basal laminae

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19
Q

The kidneys filter the bodys entire plasma volume __ times a day and consume___%-___% of the bodys oxygen.

A

60

20-25

20
Q

The component of urine is _______ and this is made where, how?

A

urea

liver

protein catabolism

21
Q

What three major processes are involved in urine formation and blood composition adjustment?

A

Glomerular Filtration (fluid/solutes move from glom to cap space)

Tubular Reabsorption (PCT to peritubular cap)

Tubular Secretion (DCT) *selectively based on blood comp (peritub cap) to eliminate/remove excess, such as too much Na or H2O

22
Q

What is GFR? and factors of filtration rate at cap bed?

A

total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys

  • surface area
  • filt. mem. permeability
  • NFP (net filtration P)*GFR directly proportional to this
23
Q

GFR and NFP will change with any BP changes.

If GFR is too high what is the problem? too low?

A

Needed subs not reabsorbed fast enough and lost in urine.

Everything reabsorbed (including wastes)

*Intrinsic

24
Q

How would liver dz affect renal function?

A

OP at the caps affected not allowing efficient reabsorption because the liver not producing plasma proteins needed, leading to dehydration

25
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms that control GFR.

A

Renal autoregulation (intrinsic normal conditions)

Neural controls (sns)

Hormonal mechanisms (renin-angio system)

26
Q

The intrinsic autoregulation of GFR entails 2 types of control:

A

Myogenic-vascular smooth muscle (maintain normal blood F)

Flow-dependent tubuloglomerular feedback-Juxtamedullary apparatus (MACULA DENSA release chems to vasoconst (renin) or vasodil as needed *neg fb sys)

27
Q

The neural controls that control GFR do what at rest? under stress?

A

REST: renal blood vessels are max dilated,
autoreg mechs prevail (long term surv).
STRESS: NorEPI release by SNS, EPI release by adrenal medulla, afferent arter constrict, FILTRATION inhibited.
SNS also stims JG cells release renin, then renin-angio mech begins.

28
Q

What 4 factors can trigger renin release of JG cells?

A 
1-reduced stretch of JG cells
2-mac dens stimulation
3-SNS B1 adrenergic receptors
4-angiotensin II
*solution is more pressure for kidneys to continue working
29
Q

In healthy kidneys, what is reabsorbed? Water and ion reabsorb. is _________ controlled. Reabsorb can be _______ or _______ transport processes.

A

All organic nutrients
hormonally
active
passive

30
Q

Reabsorption transport of solutes pathway can be either _____ cellular or _____ cellular. Meaning?
Name the 3 types.

A

trans-thru membrane or para-thru tight junction

  • Primary active:ATP carries molecule
  • Sec. active: concen gradient made by PRIM ACT transport allowing free pass thru
  • Passive:moves with water, or diffusion down conc. grad.
31
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

total concentration of ALL solutes in solution (attracts water)

32
Q

Describe the Na+ glucose cotransport carrier.

A

Secondary active pulling a glucose in with every sodium to cells.
WITHOUT THIS MECHANISM-100% of glucose reabsorption is impossible.

33
Q

What occurs in the descending loop of henle?

A

(simple cuboidal becomes simp squam)
Membrane permeable to H2O only

Water diffuses out, solutes concentrate making osmolarity increase!

34
Q

What happens in the ascending loop of henle?

A

water stays in, solutes pumped out of tubule, filtrate diluted, osmolarity decreases.

35
Q

Substances are not reabsorbed if they:

What are the most important nonreabsorb subs?

A 
If all carriers are sat, excess excreted
-lack carriers
-not lipid soluble
-too large to pass membrane pores
Urea, creatinine, and uric acid
36
Q

Diuretics are chemicals that

A

do not reabsorb
exceed ability of renal tubules to reabsorb it (glucose for diabetics)
Inhibit Na+ reabsorb.

37
Q

Osmotic diuretics include:

A

High glucose levels-carries water out with glucose
Alcohol-inhibits ADH
Caffeine- inhibit sodium ion reabsorp
Lasix/diuril-inhibit Na+ associated symporters

38
Q

What is a renal clearance test used for?

A

Determine GFR
Detect glomerular damage
Follow progress of diagnosed renal dz

39
Q

What is the substance inulin (for renal clearance) used for and how?
What does the result values determine?

A

determine GFR (normal 125ml/min)

Injected (IV) polysacc that is freely filtered and neither reabsorbed or secreted by kidney.
CV below inulin (125) means substance is partially absorbed (urea)
CV at 0 means sub completely reabsorbed (glucose)
CV above inulin means tubule cells secreted sub into filtrate (drug metab such as propanolol)

40
Q

What are the layers of the ureter? (similar to bladder)

A

Transitional epith mucosa
Smooth muscle muscularis
Fibrous conn tiss adventitia

41
Q

What are the 3 sphincters involved with the urethra?

A

Internal urethral sphin-involuntary at bladder-urethra junction
External urethra sphin-voluntary at urogenital diaphragm
Levator ani muscle-voluntary urethral muscle (anus)

42
Q

What are the 3 urethra regions of the male?

A

Prostatic urethra-runs within the prostate gland
Membranous urethra-runs through the urogenital diaphragm
Spongy urethra-passes through the penis and opens via the external urethral orifice

43
Q

What is renal calculi? How is it caused? What is one way to treat?

A

Kidney stones
crystallization of calcium or magnesium salts in renal pelvis

Shock wave lithotripsy-smash stone

44
Q

What are some symptoms of UTI?

A

dysuria (burning), urinary urgency, fever, cloudy or blood-tinged urine

45
Q

What is incontinence? Retention?

A

Involuntary discharge of urine

bladder is unable to expel its contents

Anatomy & Physiology 210 (21 decks)

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