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Anatomy & Physiology 210 > Chapter 22 Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial membranes produce protective chemicals that destroy microorganisms, describe five ways.

A

(1st line of defense)

Skin acidity inhibits bacterial growth.

Sebum contains chemicals toxic to bacteria.

Stomach mucosae secrete concentrated HCl and protein digesting enzymes.

Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme.

Mucus traps micro organisms that enter digestive and respiratory systems.(nose hair and Cilia)

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2
Q

What are the two intrinsic defense Systems for immunity? And their general function.

A

Innate: nonspecific-
1ST LINE—
surface barriers (skin and mucosae), 2ND LINE—
internal defenses (phagocytes, anti-microbial proteins, inflammation, NK cells, fever).

Adaptive: specific-
3RD LINE—
humoral immunity (B cells), Cellular immunity (T cells).

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3
Q

Describe each of the important phagocytes in the immune system.

A

Macro phages – chief phagocytic cell, migrate throughout region in search of cellular debris.

Kupffer cell-fixed macro phages in the liver

Neutrophils – become Phagocytic when encountering infectious material

Eosinophils – weakly phagocytic against parasitic worms.

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4
Q

Describe the phagocytosis mechanism.

A

Microbes adhere to phagocyte.

Pseudopods engulf the antigen into a phagosome.

Phagosomes fuse with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome.

Invaders in the Phagolysozyme are digested proteolytic Enzymes.

Indigestible and residual material is removed by exocytosis.

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5
Q

What do NK cells do specifically?

A

Small distinct group of lymphocytes.

Reacts to eliminate any cell without the self antigen.

Attach and kill target by releasing her perforins (holes) and other cytolytic chemicals.

They are NOT phagocytic.

Also secrete chemicals to enhance inflammatory response.

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6
Q

The inflammatory response is triggered whenever body tissues are _________.

And does what three general things?

A

Injured.

Prevent the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissue.
Disposes of cell debris and pathogens.
Set stage for repair process.

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7
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Heat redness swelling pain

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8
Q

The inflammatory response begins with a flood of____________ released into the extracellular fluid.
These mediators are what kind of cell that release what?

It also causes local small ______ ________ to _______, resulting in __________.

A

Chemicals.

Mast cells release histamine

Blood vessels to dilate resulting in hyperemia (extra blood flow)

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9
Q

What is exudate, and what is its purpose?

A

Fluid containing proteins, clotting factors, and antibodies.

Seeps into area of injury tissue spaces causing local edema (The sensation of pain source is release of histamine)

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10
Q

What are the positive effects of the edema, surge of protein rich fluids into spaces?

A

Swelling helps dilute harmful substances.
Brings in large quantities of O2 and nutrients needed for repair.
Allows injury of clotting proteins which prevent spread of bacteria.

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11
Q

What are the four main phases of the nonspecific inflammatory response phagocytic mobilization? (Nail entering skin)

A

1-leukocytosis – neutrophils released from bone marrow due to leukocytosis- inducing factors released by injured cells.
2-margination-neutrophils cling to capillary walls of injured area.
3-diapedesis-neutrophils squeeze through cap walls and phagocyse
4-chemotaxis-inflam chems attract neutrophils to injury site (follow trail)

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12
Q

What is pus? And what can be created if not cleared out?

A

Material in severely infected area:
Dead/dying neutrophils
Broken down tissue
Dead/living pathogens

An abscess

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13
Q

What are the two most important anti-microbial proteins? How do they generally enhance the innate defense?

A

Interferon and complement proteins

Attack micro organisms directly.
Hinder micro organisms ability to reproduce.

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14
Q

How does interferon work?

A

Directly interferes with viral replication.

IFN is activated when a host cell is invaded by a virus.

IFN molecules leave infected cell and enter neighbor cell.

IFN stimulates neighbor to activate GENE for antiviral proteins that nonspecifically block viral reproduction in that cell.

(Host cell dies.)

NOTE: interferons activate macrophages and mobilize NKs

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15
Q

What are the affects of complement proteins?

A

Complements immune response.

Inactive plasma proteins circulate blood.

When activated, cascade effect, works like inflam response.

Kills bacteria and other cells. (Our cells immune)

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16
Q

Complement proteins enhance the effectiveness of both nonspecific and specific defenses, in what three ways?

A

Inflammatory response: stimulates mast cells and basophils to release histamines.

Opsonization: coats bacteria with opsonins making them desirable for phagocytes.

Membrane attack complex: coats bacteria and creates holes in its membrane.

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17
Q

Why does a fever occur and where is the body’s thermostat?

A

It is reset upwards in response to pyrogens, this is a chemicals secreted by leukocytes and macro phages that have been exposed to bacteria/foreign substances.

Hypothalamus.

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18
Q

What are the benefits of a fever?

A

Causes liver and spleen to sequester iron.

An increase in metabolism rate, which speeds up tissue repair.

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19
Q

Referring to the adaptive specific immune system it includes the ______________.
Name it’s three general functions.

A

Anti-bodies.

Specificity: recognizes specific foreign substance.

Systemic: immunity not restricted to in fiction site. Body wide.

Memory: after initial exposure, mounts stronger attack next additional times.

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20
Q

What are the two adaptive immune defenses? explain.

A

Humoral: antibody circulate where they bind to invaders and inactivate, marking them for destruction. ( B cells)

Cell mediated immunity: lymphocytes kill invaders directly or indirectly with chemical mediators. (T cells)

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21
Q

What are the 2 functional properties of complete antigens?

And include what ingredients?

A

Immunogenicity-ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibody production.

Reactivity- ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released in response to them.

Foreign protein, nucleus acid, some lipids, large polysaccharides.
(Large complex molecules)

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22
Q

What are haptens?

A

Small molecules.

Not immunogenic but reactive when attach to protein carrier.

If link w/body prot, adapt immune sys. May Rec as foreign and mount attack (more harmful than helpful)
Allergy

Found in poison ivy, dander, detergents, cosmetics

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23
Q

What are major histocompatibility complex proteins? Two classes?

A

Mark cell as self antigens

Class I MHC Proteins-on all body cells

Class II MHC Proteins- certain immune response cells

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24
Q

What are the 3 cells of the adaptive immune system? And what they generally do.

A

B lymphocytes-oversee humoral immunity with production of antibodies.

T- non antibody but check ID of cells (cell mediated)

APCs (antigen presenting cells)-
Do not respond to specific antigens
Enhance resting immune system/present foreign stuff
Activate T2 helper cells

25
Q

What is primary lymphoid organ?

A

Location where immature lymphocytes migrate and mature to become either
B cell-bone marrow
T-thymus

26
Q

T cells mature in the thymus under what pressures? How many survive?

A

Positive and negative selection

2%

27
Q

How are B cells maturation regulated?

A

Some inactivated, some killed by clonal deletion.

Some undergo receptor editing (rearrange antigen binding receptor)

28
Q

It is ___________, not antigens, that determine which foreign substances our immune system will recognize and resist.

A

Genes

29
Q

Describe the major functions of APCs. What types of cells are these?
What type of cell is the major initiator of adaptive immunity, how?

A

Engulf foreign antigens and display fragments on surface to be recognized by T cells.
Dendritic, macrophages, and activated B cells.
DC-migrate to lymph nodes and secondary lymphoid organs, and present antigens to B and T cells.

30
Q

Macrophages and DC secrete ________ _________ that activate _________. These in turn release chemicals that?

A

Soluble proteins
T Cells

Rev up mature/mobile of DC and prod macrophages to activate

31
Q

What is an antigen challenge? Where does it take place? What happens if the lymphocyte is a B cell?

A

First encounter between an antigen and a naive immunocompetent cell.
Spleen or other lymphoid organ.
If B: challenging antigen provokes humoral immune response.
ORDER:
(most)B cell->clone->plasma cell->antibodies (floods fluids)
and/or
B cell->clone->memory cell (goes back to wait)

32
Q

Describe the primary immune response in immunological memory.

A

cell diff and proliferation (first exposure to specific antigen)

Lag period 3-6 days after antigen challenge
Peak level of plasma antibody achieved in 10 days.
antibody levels then decline.

33
Q

Describe the immunological memory secondary immune response.

A

re-exposure to same antigen.
memory cell respond within hours.
Antibody peak in 2/3 days with much higher levels.
AB bind better and stay high in blood for weeks to months.

34
Q

What are the two acquired responses in ACTIVE humoral immunity?

A

Naturally acquired-response to a bacterial or viral infection

artificially acquired-response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens

35
Q

What are vaccines?

A

Spare us symptoms of dz and their weakened antigens provide antigenic determinants that are immunogenic and reactive

36
Q

How does passive humoral immunity differ from active?

Explain the natural vs artificially acquired.

A

in the antibody source and degree of protection.
B cells not challenged by antigens.
Memory does not occur.
Protection ends when antigens naturally degrade in body.
Nat:mother to fetus
Art:immune serum injection (gamma globulin)

37
Q

Another term for antibodies?

What are the five classes?

A

Immunoglobulins

IgD
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE

(GAMED)

38
Q

What is the basic antibody structure and the two regions?

A

Four looping polypeptide chains. Two heavy chains and two light chains.

Each chain has a variable (changes for different antigens) region at one end and a constant (same on all anti-bodies) region at the other.

39
Q

What is somatic recombination?

A

Shuffled gene segments

Mixing Gene segments within variable region

(Each cell contains 25,000 genes)

40
Q

What is the anti-body PLAN of attack?

A

Precipitation
lysis
agglutination
neutralization

41
Q

What occurs in anti-body precipitation?

A

Clumped antigens easier for phagocytes to engulf. Linked into large in soluble complexes

42
Q

What occurs in anti-body lysis?

A

MAC pokes holes and bacterial membrane.

43
Q

What happens and anti-body agglutination?

A

Reaction causes microbes to stick together

44
Q

What happens in anti-body neutralization?

A

Anti-bodies block sites of viruses preventing it from binding. Prevents damage, inactivates virus.

45
Q

What Two major populations of T cells mediate cellular immunity?

A

CD4 cells (t4) are primarily helper T cells (Th)

CD8 cells (T8) cells are cytotoxic T cells (TC) that destroy a harboring foreign antigens

46
Q

T cells my simultaneously recognize what two things on the cell surface?

A

Self MHC and nonself antigen

47
Q

Class one MHC proteins have what three important factors?

A

On all body cells

Recognized by cytotoxic CD8 T cells

Endogenous antigens (infected cells, inside cell)

48
Q

Class two MHC proteins have what three important factors?

A

Found on APCs (B, T, and macro phages)

Recognized by helper CD4 T cells

Exogenus antigens (outside, brought in voluntarily not infected)

49
Q

What is the job of cytotoxic (TC) and help her (TH) cells?

What are the names of the other cell mediated immunity cells?

A

Cytotoxic – attack cells infected by viruses

Helper – stimulate growth and differentiation of B and T cells.

Suppressor (Ts), delayed hypersensitivity (Td), memory (Tm).

50
Q

What are cytokines?

What are interleukins?

A

Cell that activates immune system

Important class of cytokines which promote T cell proliferation

51
Q

Without ________ there is no immune response.

Cytotoxic T killer cells do what?

A

T helper

Perforin

52
Q

What are the four major types of grafts?

A

Autograft: same body same person

Isograft: between identical twins

Allograft: non-identical individuals same species

Xenograft: from another animal species

53
Q

What does HIV destroy?

A

T-helper cells

54
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

Loss of the immune system ability to distinguish self from nonself. Produces auto antibodies

55
Q

What are the four classes of hypersensitivities?

A

I Acute/immediate

II Subacute/cytotoxic

III Subacute/immune complex

IV Delayed

56
Q

What causes acute I hypersensitivity?

A

(anti-body mediated allergies)

TH secretes IL-4 which stimulates B cells to produce IgE.
IGE binds to mast and basophils flooding with histamine inducing inflammatory response.

Anaphylaxis – local release of histamine (antihistamine)

Anaphylactic shock - throughout entire body (epinephrine)

57
Q

What causes subacute hypersensitivities?

A

II-(cytotoxic) antibodies (IgM/igG)bind to antigens on specific body cell stimulating phagocytosis and complement mediated lysis of cellular antigens. (Mismatch blood transfusion reaction)

III-(immune complex) antigens widely distributed. Insoluble antigen-antibody complex forms. Complexes cannot be cleared. Intense inflammation local cell lysis and death. (Systemic lupus)

58
Q

What causes delayed hypersensitivity’s?

A

IV-T helper cells and Cytotoxic cells attack host cells after reacting with haptens. histamines ineffective, cortical steroid drugs used. (poison ivy, Cosmetics)

Anatomy & Physiology 210 (21 decks)

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