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Anatomy & Physiology 210 > Chapter 9 Articulations > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two classifications of joints?

And the three classifications of each?

A

Structural (material):
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Functional (movement):
synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis.

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2
Q

What differs fibrous structural joints?

What are the three types of fibrous structural joint?

A

Bones are joined by fibrous tissue.
No joint cavity.
Most immovable.

Three types: sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses.

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3
Q

Explain the fibrous structural joint: suture.

A

Occur between bones of the skull. Interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers.
Bind bones tightly together but allow for growth during youth. In Middle-age skull bones fuse.

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4
Q

Explain the fibrous structural joint: syndesmosis.

A

Bones are connected by fibrous tissue ligament. (Across joint)
Movement varies from immovability slightly variable.

Examples: tib/fib, radius/ulna

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5
Q

Explain the fibrous structural joint: gomphoses.

A

Peg in socket fibrous joint between tooth and its aveolar socket.
Fibrous connection is the Periodontal ligament.

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6
Q

How do you cartilaginous joints differ? What are the two types?

A

Articulating bones are united by cartilage.
Lack a joint cavity.

Two types: synchondroses, symphyses

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7
Q

Explain the cartilaginous joint: synchondroses.

A

A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones.

All synchondroses are synarthrotic.

Examples: epiphyseal plates of children. Between costal cartilage of first rib and sternum

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8
Q

Explain cartilaginous joint: symphyses.

A

Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone in is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage.

Amphiarthrotic joints design for strength and flexibility.

Examples: intravertebral joints, pubic symphysis

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9
Q

How do synovial joints differ? What are examples?

A

The joints in which the articulating bones are separated by fluid containing joint cavity.

All are free movable diarthrosis.

Examples: All limb joints, most joints of the body, tmj.

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10
Q

What is the general structure of synovial joints?

A 
Synovial joints all have the following: articular cartilage 
joint (synovial) cavity 
articular capsule
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments
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11
Q

What does synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis mean?

A

Syn- immovable (suture)

Amp-slightly movable (rib)

Dia-freely movable (elbow)

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12
Q

What are the two friction reducing structures of synovial joints? Explain each.

A

Bursae (not btweenbones): flattened, fibrous Sacs lined with synovial membrane. Contain synovial fluid. Commonly act as “ball bearings” where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together.

Tendon sheath: elongated versa that wrapped completely around the tendon.

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13
Q

What are articulations? And what are the functions?

A

Joints

Give skeleton mobility.
Hold skeleton together stability.

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14
Q

What are the stabilizing factors at synovial joints?

A

Shapes of bone surface (minor role),

ligament number and location (limited role),
muscle tone, which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut.
*Extremely important in reinforcing shoulder, knee joints, and arches of the foot.

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15
Q

Where are the muscle attachments of synovial joints? (Across a joint)

A

Origin –end of muscle attachment to immovable bone (usually proximal).

Insertion – (end of muscle) attachment to the movable bone (usually distal).

*Muscle contraction causes the insertions me for the origin. Movements occur along transfers, frontal, or sagittal planes.

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16
Q

What are the four range of motions of synovial joints?

A

Nonaxial: slipping movements only

Uniaxial: movement in one plane

Biaxial: movement in two planes

Multiaxial-movement in or around all three planes

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17
Q

What is a gliding movement?

A

Non-axial, one flat bone surface glides over another similar surface.

Example. Intercarpal and intertarsal joints and articular processes of vertabrae

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18
Q

What are the angular movements (6)?

A

Flexion: bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint.(bent)

Extension: reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased (straight). *hyper past midline straight

FOOT:
Dorsiflexion: UP
plantar flexion: DOWN

Abduction: movement away from the midline.
Adduction: movement toward the midline.
Circumduction: movement describes a cone in space (combo of flex/ext/ab/ad)

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19
Q

What is rotation movement?

A

The turning of a bone around its own long axis.

Exp:1st two vertabrae, hip and shoulder

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20
Q

What are the 7 special synovial movements?

A

Supination:rotation of forearm where palm is turned anteriorly (AP)
Pronation: palm is turned posteriorly

Inversion: twisting motion of the foot that turns the soul medially
Eversion:laterally

Elevation: movement of body parts superiorly
Depression: inferiorly

Opposition: movement of palm across palm towards fingers.

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21
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints based on shape of articular surface?

A 
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid 
Saddle
Ball and socket
22
Q

Explain plane joint.

A

Non-axial joints
flat articular surfaces
short gliding movements

23
Q

Explain hinge joint.

A

Uniaxial
Motion along single plane
Flexion and extension only

24
Q

Explain pivot joint.

A

Rounded end of one bone conforms to a “sleeve,” or ring of another.
Uniaxial only

25
Q

Explain condyloid joint.

A

Biaxial joint
Both articular surfaces are oval
Permit all angular movements

26
Q

Explain saddle joints.

A

Biaxial
Allow greater freedom of movement then condyloid joint.
articular surfaces have both concave and convex.

27
Q

Explain ball and socket joint.

A

Multiaxial joint.

The most freely moving synovial joint.

28
Q

What are the components of a lever system?

A

Lever – rigid bar (bone) that moves on a fixed point or fulcrum (joint).

Effort – force (supplied by muscle contraction) applied to a lever to move a resistance (load).

Load – resistance (bone and tissues and any added weight) moved by the effort.

29
Q

Explain first class lever system.

Example?

A

Fulcrum between load and effort.

(Seesaw)

Facial skeleton (load)
Atlanta-occipital joint (fulcrum)
Posterior neck muscle sternocleidomastoid (effort)
30
Q

Explain second class lever system.

Example?

A

Load between fulcrum and effort.

(Wheelbarrow)

Metatarsal phalanges joint (fulcrum)
Body weight (load)
Gastrocnemius muscle (effort)
31
Q

Explain the third class lever system.

Example?

A

Effort applied between fulcrum and load.

(Baseball bat)

Biceps brachii muscle (effort)
Humeroulnar joint (fulcrum)
Forearm and hand (load)

32
Q

Explain the Temporomandibular joint.

A

Mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone.

There are two types of movement: hinge and gliding.

Most easily dislocated joint in the body.

33
Q

Explain the glenohumeral joint.

A

Ball and socket joint: head of humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula.

Stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement.
Strength——
Reinforcing ligaments.

Reinforcing muscle tendons:

tendon of the long head of biceps: travels through the intertubercular groove and secures humerus to glenoid cavity.

Attach to hum head———
Four rotator cuff tendons encircle the shoulder joint:
subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, Teres minor

34
Q

Explain the coxal joint.

A

Ball and socket joint.
Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum.
Good ROM but limited by the deep socket.
Acetabular labrum – enhances death of socket.

35
Q

Explain the elbow joint.

A

Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus.

Hinge joint formed mainly by trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus.

Flexion and extension only

36
Q

Explain the knee joint.

A

Largest, most complex joint of the body.
Three joints surrounded by single joint cavity:
-Femoropatellar joint:
-plane joint
-allows gliding motion during knee flexion.
-Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the femoral condyles and the C shaped lateral and medial menisci of the tibia.
-allow flexion, extension, and some rotation when he is partly flexed.

37
Q

How many bursae does the knee joint contain? Explain the joint capsule.

A

At least 12 associated bursae.

Capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons: quadriceps and semimembranosus tendons

Joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly.

Anteriorly, the quadriceps tendon gives rise to:

  • Lat and med patellar retinacula
  • patellar ligament
38
Q

Explain the ligaments in the knee joint.

A

Capsular and extracapsular ligaments
-prevent hyperextension

Intracapsular ligaments:

  • Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
  • prevent anterior – posterior displacement
  • reside outside the synovial cavity
39
Q

What are the two common joint injuries? And their detail.

A

Sprains:

  • ligaments are stretched or torn.
  • Partial tear slowly repair themselves.
  • Complete rupture requires prompt surgical repair.

Cartilage tears:
-due to compression and shear stress(snap/pop).
– Fragments may cause joint to lock Or bind.
– Cartilage rarely repairs itself (avascular)
– Repaired with arthroscopic surgery.

40
Q

Explain dislocations.

A

Articulating bones are forced out of alignment.
Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization. Caused by serious falls and are common sports Injuries.

Subluxation – partial dislocation of the joint.

41
Q

Explain bursitis.

A

Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or fiction.

Symptoms: pain swelling.

Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive fluid maybe aspirated.

42
Q

Explain tendonitis.

A

Inflammation of tendon sheeths.

typically caused by overuse.

Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis.

43
Q

Explain arthritis in general.

A

More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints.
Most widespread crippling disease in the US.
Symptoms – pain, stiffness, swelling of a joint.
Acute forms are caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics.
Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Gouty arthritis.

44
Q

osteoarthritis statistics?

A

Most common chronic arthritis, often called wear and tear.

Affects women more than men.

85% of all Americans develop OA.

More prevailing in age, and it’s probably related to the normal aging process.

45
Q

What is the osteoarthritis course?

A

OA reflects years of abrasion, compression, causing increased production of metalloproteinase enzymes breaking down cartilage.

As one ages cartilage is destroyed more quickly than replaced. Exposed bone ends enlarge and form bone spurs restrict movement.

Most affected joints: cervical, lumbar, fingers and knuckles knees hips

46
Q

What are osteoarthritis treatment?

A

OA is slow and a irreversible.

Treatments:
Mild pain reliever, moderate activity. Magnetic therapy.
Glucosamine sulfate decreases pain and inflammation.

47
Q

What are the rheumatoid arthritis statistics?

A

Chronic, inflammatory, auto immune disease of unknown cause.
Usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50 can occur at any age.
Symptoms include: join tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscular atrophy, and cardiovascular problems.

48
Q

What is the course of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Marked with exacerbations and remissions.
RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint.
Inflammatory chemicals are inappropriately released.
Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, causing swelling.
Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus.
Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect.
The end result, ankylosis, produces bent, deformed fingers.

49
Q

RA treatment?

A

Conservative therapy-aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy.
Progressive treatment – anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressant.
The drug enbrel, biological response modifier, neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals.

50
Q

Gouty arthritis statistics.

A

Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints in soft tissues, followed by inflammation response.
Typically gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe.
If untreated: bone ends fuse and immobilizes joint.

51
Q

What is treatment for GA?

A

Colchicine, nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs, and glucocorticoids.

52
Q

What are four developmental aspects of joints?

A

By embryonic week eight, synovial joints resemble adults.

A joint size, shape, and flexibility are modified by use.

Advancing years take toll on joints:
– ligaments and tendons shorten and we can
– intervertebral discs become more likely to herniate
– most people in their 70s have some degree of OA

Exercise that coaxes joints through their full ROM is key to postponing joint problems.

Anatomy & Physiology 210 (21 decks)

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