Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD2001 NG > the back > Flashcards

the back Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 sections of the vertebral column?

A

7x cervical vertebrae
12x thoracic vertebrae
5x lumbar vertebrae
5x sacral vertebrae
1-4x cocygael vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the functions of the vetebral column?

A

protection
support
axis- upright posture
movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the primary and secondary curvature of the spine?

A

primary = kyphoses (concave anterioly) - remains in the thoracic and sacral region
secondary = lordosis (concave posteriorly) appears when infant lifts its head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why is babies movemnt uncooridinated?

A

because babies use unmylinated nuerons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the vertebral arch form?

A

an enclosed hole called the vertebral foramen which encloses the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pedicles

A

connect the vertebral body to the transverse arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

lamina

A

connects the transverse and spinous processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

articular processes?

A

forms a joint between one vertebra and its superior and inferior counter parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is unique about the cervical vertebrae?

A
  • transverse formamen transmits the vertebral arteries to the brain
  • bifid spinous process (the spinal process bifurcates at the distal end)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

atlas

A

C1
- no body
- the superior articular facets will articulate with the occipital condyles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what joint does rotation of the head and neck happen at?

A

atlanto axial joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which part of C2 will articulate with anterior arch of the atlis?

A

the dens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is unique about the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • allow rotation
  • long transverse processes with a costal facet for articulation with the tubercle of the ribs
  • they have 2 costal demi facets for upper and lower articulation with the ribs
  • their spinous process is long and points inferiorly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is unique about the lumbar body vertebrae?

A
  • largest body
  • no transverse foramen, costal facet with a short spinous process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the size and orientation of the lumbar vertebrae allow?

A

the size and orientation allows needle access to the spinal canal and spinal cord eg - lumbar puncture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is unique about the sacrum?

A

it is a fusion of 5 bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the sacral promontory?

A

the anterior projection from S1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is unique about the coccyx?

A

a small bone that articulates with the apex of the sacrum
- has no vertebral arches, therefore no vertebral canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are 2 congenital abnormalities associated with the sacrum?

A

1- lumburisation = seperation of S1 from the sacrum
2- sacrilisation = fusion of L5 to the sacrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lwhat are the different types of ligament in the vertebral column?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what type of joint is it between the articular processes?

A

zygapophyseal joint - synovial joint

22
Q

what type of joint is it between the spinous processes?

A

symphysis/ secondary cartilaginous joint

23
Q

2 partS of the iNTERVERTEBRAL disc and their function?

A

1- nucleus pulposus (middle) - absorbs compressive forces between vertebrae, 70-90% water, collagen content will increase with age.
2- anulus fibrosis (outer bit) - strong concentric lamellae of fibrocartillage, attached and kept in place by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
THEY CONTRIBUTE TO THE SHAPE OF THE SPINAL CURVATURES, FORM 20-25% OF THE LEGTH OF THE COLUMN.

24
Q

WHAT ARE THE SEPERATE NUTRIENT SUPPLIES OF THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC?

A
  • the periphery of the disc is supplied by neighbouring capillaries
  • the centre is nourished by diffusion from the body of the vertebrae
25
Q

what is a herniated disc?

A

the nucleus palposus may herniate or prolapse to compress - there will be nerve compression

26
Q

why are most disc herniations posterolateral?

A

due to the central position of the posterior longitudinal ligament means that most disc henriations are posterolateral, towards the intervertebral formamen.

27
Q

function of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

anterior - limits extension
posterio - resists hyperflexion

28
Q

what is the tectorial membrane?

A

it extends between the formane magnum and C2
it continues downwards as the posterior longitudinal ligament

29
Q

function of the ligamenta flava and intertransverse ligaments?

A
  • the ligamenta flava is between the vertebral laminae and limits sudden flexion and supprts curvatures
  • the intertransverse ligament is between all transverse processes
30
Q

where is the supraspinous ligaments?

A

between tips of ths spines and runs between sacrum to c7, CONTUNOUS with the ligamentum nuchae

31
Q

what is the ligamentum nuchae

A
32
Q

interspinous ligament?

A

between all spinous processes

33
Q

what makes up the curcuate liagement

A

1- the transverse ligament - keeps the dens close to the anterior arch
2- longitudinal fascicles (superior and inferior)
Prevents excessive movement between the axis, atlas and occiput.

34
Q

what is the vascular supply?

A
  • arteries form anastomostic rings that arise from vertebral arteries and posterior intercostal and lumbar branches of aorta
  • internal and external venous plexus come together and drain to veins equicvelant to the arteries.
35
Q

describe the extrinsic muscles of the back?

A
  • superficial
  • involved with movement of the upper limbs and thoracic wall
  • innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
36
Q

describe the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A
  • deep etween spinous processes
  • adapted to provide support and movement
  • moves the vertebral column
  • innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
  • arranged in 3 layers
37
Q

trapezius

A

accessory nerve

-extends neck - retracts scapula - upper fibres elevate shoulder in abduction - lower fibres depress the shoulder
38
Q

lat dorsi

A

thoracodorsal nerve

- attaches to humerus - shoulder extension and adduction
39
Q
A

red = levator scapula (scupular elevation)
Green/blue= rhomoid major and minor (scapular retraction and elevation)
pruple/blue = serratus posterior superior and inferior (superior = inspiration inferior = expiration)

40
Q

top layer, intrinsic muscles?

A

acting togehter= extend the neck
acting alone = rotate and laterally flex

41
Q

3 erector spinae muscles (intermediate layer)

A
42
Q

what 3 muscles make up the transversospinalis?

A

1- rotatores
2- multifidus
3- semispinalis

43
Q

what makes up the sub-occipital triangle in the neck?

A
  • obliquus capitis superior
  • obliquus capitis inferior
  • rectus cepitis posterior major
    They transmit vertibral arteries, veins and suboccipital nerve
44
Q

What unites in the sacrum?

A

Spinous, articulate and transverse processes

45
Q

What is the intervertebral foreman?

A

Where the spinal nerves emerge formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notches

46
Q

How is the annulus fibrosis attached and held in place?

A

By anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

47
Q

When may intervertebral discs deform?

A

To allow movement between the intervertebral bodies.
Deforming may put pressure on the nucleus palposus and annulus fibrosis. They may degenerate and weaken.

48
Q

Serratus posterior inferior movement

A

Expiration

49
Q

Serratus posterior superior

A

Inspiration

50
Q

Rhomboid ajar and minor movement

A

Scapular retraction and elevation

51
Q

wHat does the ligamentum nuchae do

A

Limits flexion and provides muscle attachment

52
Q

Alar ligaments

A

Prevents excessive rotation- from side of dens to side of foramen magnum

MD2001 NG (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions