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MD2001 NG > guided studies > Flashcards

guided studies Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the medical student in maintaining patient safety?

A
  • they should be trained to recognise errors and speak up when errors occur
  • the care of the patient is always your first concern
  • recognise and work within your limits
  • protect and promote the health of the patients
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2
Q

what are standard infection control precautions?

A
  • hand hygiene
  • PPE
  • sharps safety
  • resp hygiene
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3
Q

what are the principals that govern the behaviour of medical students?

A

achieving good medical practise by the GMC.
1- knowledge, skills and performance
2- safety and quality
3- maintaining trust
4- communication, partnership and teamwork.

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4
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers and lines surfaces and cavities of the body

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5
Q

connective tissue

A

consists of cells, fibres and an extracellular matrix. Very diverse group of tissue.

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6
Q

nervous tissue

A

carries information in the form of impulses through out the body.

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7
Q

muscle tissue.

A

contracts to perform movement such as skeletal muscle.

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8
Q

what does the basement membrane consist off

A

thin sheet composed of collagen and glycoprotein

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9
Q

zonula adherens

A

this is the second junction
it completely encircles each cell providing stability, binding the cells of a tissue together. the cytoskeleton of each neighbouring cell becomes linked.

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10
Q

where will simple squamous cells typically be found?

A

at areas of rapid of rapid diffusion or gas exchange

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11
Q

mesothelium

A

refers to the epithelium that lines the body cavities, revived from embryonic mesoderm.
This will form serous membranes, pericardium, peritoneum and pleura.

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12
Q

endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium that lines the luminal surfaces of blood vessels.

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13
Q

what can the BBB be opened by?

A

hypertension
hyperosmolarity
diabetes

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14
Q

what is the BBB

A

it restricts the passage of potentially harmful substances from the blood, but will allow the passage of things like oxygen and nutrients. This is achieved by diffusion.

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15
Q

function of goblet cells?

A
  • secretion of mucus
  • occurs by exocytosis of secretory granules
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16
Q

during keratinisation, what happens to the intracellular junctions?

A

they become filled with a waxy material resulting in the loss of nutrient supply to the cells, causing them to die.

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17
Q

what term is used to describe a tumour originating in epithelial cells?

A

carcinoma

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18
Q

what type of epithelium lines the eosphogus

A

stratified squamous

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19
Q

what type of epithelium lines the bronchi

A

pseudo stratified columnar

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20
Q

why do lungs appear black on a radiograph while bones appear white?

A

since the body is made up of tissue with varying densities, the film that shows the x-ray is ingress scale. black will correspond to tissue with little attenuation (such as air) and white corresponds to tissue of high attenuation (such as bone).

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21
Q

what are some possible ways of minimising possible radiation exposure?

A

TIME
DISTANCE
PPE

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22
Q

what are the effects of radiation in utero?

A
  • the effect will depend on the dose of radiation used and the gestational age.
  • if diagnostic doses are given, it can result in fatal retardation, seizures
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23
Q

what are some examples where ultrasound imaging would not be the modality of choice?

A

it will not work well in areas where there is a high amount of air, due to the inability of the ultrasound waves to penetrate and transmit through air. therefore it is not the best choice for bowel and stomach areas.

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24
Q

what type of waves does ultrasound use the image the body?

A

pressure waves (sound mechanical waves)

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25
Q

HOW IS LYMPH MADE?

A

the cells in the body as bathed in interstitial fluid that is forced out of capillaries due the hydrostatic pressure of the blood at the arterial end of the capillary. Most of the fluid will be returned to the venous side of the capillary bed due to oncotic pressure, but to prevent a build up of fluid, this fluid can pass into surrounding lymphatic capillaries.

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26
Q

what are lymphatic capillaries made of?

A

thin walled endothelial tubes

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27
Q

on the left, what vessels will lymph drain into?

A

thoracic duct

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28
Q

on the right, what will lymph vessels drain into?

A

right lymphatic duct.

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29
Q

what junction will both the right and left lymphatic vessels drain into?

A

they will both enter venous circulation at the junction between the internal jugular and the subclavian veins.

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30
Q

what can a blockage of lymph vessels cause?

A

lymphoedema (localised fluid retention)

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31
Q

what do lymph nodes do?

A

these are filters within the immune system that contain B and T lymphocytes that will recognise foreign antigens and cause an immune response.

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32
Q

how are lymph nodes involved in the spread of cancer?

A

malignant cells may become detached from a primary tumour and be carried along lymph vessels until they reach a lymph node where they may Gove rise to a secondary tumour. = metastasis (you can use this to predict the spread of cancer)

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33
Q

axillary nodes: position and drainage?

A

position = fatty tissue of the axilla
drain = upper limbs, thoracic and abdominal wall down to the umbilicus.

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34
Q

cervical nodes: position and drainage?

A

position = lie in a chain on either side of the neck
drainage= they drain all structures of the head and neck

35
Q

inguinal nodes: position and drainage?

A

position = below the inguinal ligament in the groin
drainage = lower limb, perineum, genitalia, abdominal wall to umbilicus and gluteal region posteriorly.

36
Q

what is a health care associated infection?

A

infections that patients get while receiving medical or surgical treatment, or from being in contact with healthcare services

37
Q

WHAT IS BLODD PRESSURE?

A

blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the flow of blood in the main arteries. It can tell you about the state of the patients peripheral circulation and blood volume status.

38
Q

hypotension?
hypertension?

A

hypotension = low bp
hypertension = high bp

39
Q

what causes the Lub-dub sound?

A

caused by he rhythmic closing of the heart valves as blood is pumped in and out of the chambers.
lub= closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves
dub= closing of the semilunar valves

40
Q

systolic pressure?

A

K1= sharp thud caused by turbulence in the constricted artery when the heart is contracting and therefore maximum arterial pressure.

41
Q

diastolic pressure?

A

K5= silence as blood returns from turbulent to laminar flow. this is the lowest arterial pressure in the circadian cycle and reflects a period of relaxation of the heart between contractions.

42
Q

what is moral erosion?

A

wen medical students and doctors become less morally sensitive and ethically aware due to increasing cynicism and negative effects of health care training.

43
Q

does the GP have the right to break confidentiality for HIV cases?

A

no one can force a patient to tell their partner that they have HIV. and you cannot break confidentiality without their permission.
the only time it would be deemed necessary is if the other person as it risk of serious harm.

44
Q

when breaking confidentiality due to public interest what must you consider?

A

1- the potential harm or distress to the patient arising from this disclosure
2- to potential harm to trust in doctors
3- the potential benefits to society

45
Q

in GCS, what is the difference between 1-4 for eye opening?

A

1= no opening at any time
2= after finger tip stimulus
3= after spoken or shouted
4= spontaneously

46
Q

in GCS, what is the difference between 1-5 for verbal response?

A

1= no audible response
2= only moans
3= words
4= not orientated but communicating
5= fully aware

47
Q

in GCS, what is the difference between 1-6 for motor response?

A

1= no movement
2= extends arm
3= abnormal flexion
4= normal flexion but rapid
5= bring hand to clavicle to stimulus on neck
6= obeys command

48
Q

what is the main objective for the resuscitation council?

A

to ensure that survival rates for in and out of hospital cardiac arrest improves

49
Q

what is the purpose of the head tilt/chin lift?

A

to prevent the tongue from obstructing the airway

50
Q

what is the main tissue comprising the tongue?

A

epithelial tissue
stratified squamous epithelium

51
Q

what structural design allows the trachea to maintain an open passage?

A

partial rings of cartilage within their walls?

52
Q

what is the name of the joint that connects the jaw to the skull?

A

temporomandibular joint (synovial joint)

53
Q

what is the % of oxygen concentration in the room?

A

21%

54
Q

what is the % concentration of oxygen in exhaled air?

A

17%

55
Q

what is the name of the rescue position?

A

semi prone

56
Q

as air passes from the mouth to alveoli, what are all the structures in between?

A
  • nasal cavity
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • conducting bronchials
  • terminal bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveoli
57
Q

what are the structures of the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

A

respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and alveoli where actual respiration takes place.

58
Q

what are the structures of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A

nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, conducting bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.

59
Q

what is a pyrogen?

A

a fever producing substance

60
Q

what molecule will pyrogens release?

A

cytokines (these are what cause the elevation in body temp)

60
Q

what molecule will pyrogens release?

A

cytokines (these are what cause the elevation in body temp)

61
Q

what is the difference between a fever and hyperthermia?

A

a fever is the elevation n body temp due to the release of cytokines. (fever is associated with infection)
hyperthermia is an increase in core body temp due to thermoregulation failure.

62
Q

where can you measure someones temperature?

A

tongue
ear canal
rectum

63
Q

what will core body temp depend on?

A

time of day
stage of menstrual cycle
activity of the person
individuals age

64
Q

thermostat centre of the body?

A

hypothalamus

64
Q

what molecule will pyrogens release?

A

cytokines

65
Q

what molecule will pyrogens release?

A

cytokines

66
Q

what are the steps in a scientific report?

A

abstract
intro
methods
results
discussion
conclusion

67
Q

why do we cite references?

A
  • it allows you to acknowledge the contribution of other writers
  • it provides evidence that enables reproducibility.
  • it allows researchers and markers to access the data more readily.
68
Q

where will venous blood from the vertebral body drain to?

A

it will drain to the vertebral venous plexus.

69
Q

where is the inferior angle of the scapula?

A

Aarond T8

70
Q

hyperextension at the cervical vertebra may cause rupture of what?

A

the anterior longitudinal ligament

71
Q

where does the rootlets of the ventral primary rami sit?

A

external to the vertebral canal

72
Q

what does the annulus fibrosis consist of?

A

layers of fibrocartilage.

73
Q

what is the difference between metabortopic and ionotrobic?

A

Ionotropic = directly linked/they make up the ion channel
Metabotropic = indirectly linked by a G protein to an ion channel.

74
Q

what are the 2 techniques that we can use in order to study single channel conductance?

A

patch clamp technique
planar lipid bilayer

74
Q

what can the measurements tell us about properties of the ion channel?

A
  • what opens the channel
  • what the conductance of the channel is
  • what the channel is selective for
  • the effect a drug can have of the function of the channel.
75
Q

what stimuli are known to gate regulated ion channels?

A

voltage
ligand
stretch or pressure
light

75
Q

what parameters can we measure from a single Chanel recording?

A

open probability
mean open time
mean closed time
conductance

76
Q

what is the eqaation for open probability?

A

p(open) = t(open)/t(total time)

77
Q

why is it important to study the basic biophysical properties of an ion channel?

A

the single channel properties are unique for a given ion channel and this enables us to functionally identify the channel. this is important particularly when we want to look at the action of the drug of effect of a mutation.

78
Q

describe the use of epidemiology in public health practise?

A

epidemiology is concerned with the frequency and patterns of health events in a population. eg- comparing the incidence of lung cancer in smokers and non smokers.

79
Q

what does the value of 1 on the a axis of the first plot show?

A

a line of no effect

MD2001 NG (28 decks)

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