cells Flashcards
what does macrophages contain in their vacoules ?
lysosymes and myeloperoxidases
what is eosinophil growth promoted by?
interluken 5
what does the granules of eosinophil contain
major basic protein and reactive oxygen species
what does the basophil granules contain?
- histamine
- heparin
- leukotrienes
- proteases
what does neutrophils have in their granules?
lysosymes and perioxidases
hepcidin
hormone that regulates how much iron is in the blood
regulates ron absorption and iron release from macrophages
ferratin
insoluble storage form of iron
when does 2,3-DPG levels rise and what will this cause?
- excersize
- high altitude
- anaemia.
This causes promotes the release of oxygen to the tissues.
what will transport iron into cells?
transferrin the glycoprotein
myoglobin?
- dark red pigment found in muscles only.
- it is a last reserve of oxygen in severe exertion.
- after all myoglobin stores have been used, anaerobic respiration will be used.
red blood cell membrane is made of what?
- phospholipids
- glycolipids
- cholesterol
haptoglobin
- this mops up free dead haemoglobin and it will be cleared by the liver
- the globin chains will be broken into amino acids.
- iron will be bound to transferrin and returned to the macrophages
- porpyrin ring becomes bilirubin (this is bund to albumin and conjugated to glucuronide- to be extreted in bile from the liver)
What are the viral structure components?
- nucleic acid
- capsid
- envelope
- spikes
What are mesosomes?
They are folds in the bacterial membrane of prokaryotes that can invaginate and pinch off to form a free organelle in the cell.
They increase the surface area for aerobic respiration.
what binds to free haemaglobin?
hepatoglobin
explain mathemoglobin?
this is formed when haemoglobin is oxidised to contain iron on the ferric state (Fe3+) rather than the ferrous normal state (Fe2+).
in this state it cannot bind to oxygen.
what are the fibrillar proteins found in the ECM?
collagen
elastin
fibronectin
laminin
where does production of the collagen fibril take place?
in a membrane tube called FIBRIPOSITOR
Oxidoreductases
Oxidation/reduction
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Transferases
Transfer of functional groups
Hexokinase
Hydrolyses
Hydrolysis reaction (bond breaking)
Trypsin
Lyases
Addition of double bonds
Carbonic anhydrase
Isomerases
Isomerisation reaction
L-alanine isomerase
Ligases
Formation of bonds with ATP cleavage
Glutamine synthase
Translocases
Catalyses the movement of ions across membranes
langerhans calls?
dendritic cells that play an important part in the immune system
touch receptors
Meisner corpuscle
pain receptors
nocioreceptors
pressure receptors
paninian receptors
Hexokinase
Low Km
Will phosphorylate glucose at low concentration, ensuring the utilisation of glucose.
Found in all tissue
Glucokinase
High Km
Will only phosphorylate glucose when blood glucose concentrations are high and will store it for energy.
Found in the liver
DIPF organophosphate pesticide
This is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor - by phosphorylation the serine hydroxyl group located at the active site.
Allowing accumulation of neurotransmitters at synapse.
Describe the activity of the enzyme PFK?
It will transfer the phosphate to fructose-6- phosphate
Important step in glycolysis
- PKF will bind ATP at 2 sites
In the presence of high ATP levels, atp will bind to the inhibitory site preventing the fructose 6 phosphate from binding, preventing glycolysis from taking place.
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF FEEDBACK INHIBITION WHEN THE PRODUCT ACTS AS AN INHIBITOR TO PREVENT THE PROCESS FROM CONTINUEING
Perinephric cells
These cells will sense low oxygen levels, so mRNA production for epo is increased
What is the RBC membrane made from?
Alpha and beta spectrin strands interweaving
Cortisol and aldosterone
Cortisol will Increase blood glucose
Aldosterone will increase blood pressure.
Cortex of adrenal gland
Glandular tissue derived from mesoderm
Medulla of adrenal gland
Nervous tissue derived from neural crest
