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MD2001 NG > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

1
Q

what WBC are involved in an allergic reaction?

A

basophils and mast cells

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2
Q

what does macrophages contain in their vacoules ?

A

lysosymes and myeloperoxidases

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3
Q

what is eosinophil growth promoted by?

A

interluken 5

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4
Q

what does the granules of eosinophil contain

A

major basic protein and reactive oxygen species

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5
Q

what does the basophil granules contain?

A
  • histamine
  • heparin
  • leukotrienes
  • proteases
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6
Q

what does neutrophils have in their granules?

A

lysosymes and perioxidases

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7
Q

hepcidin

A

hormone that regulates how much iron is in the blood

regulates ron absorption and iron release from macrophages

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8
Q

ferratin

A

insoluble storage form of iron

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9
Q

when does 2,3-DPG levels rise and what will this cause?

A
  • excersize
  • high altitude
  • anaemia.
    This causes promotes the release of oxygen to the tissues.
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10
Q

what will transport iron into cells?

A

transferrin the glycoprotein

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11
Q

myoglobin?

A
  • dark red pigment found in muscles only.
  • it is a last reserve of oxygen in severe exertion.
  • after all myoglobin stores have been used, anaerobic respiration will be used.
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11
Q

red blood cell membrane is made of what?

A
  • phospholipids
  • glycolipids
  • cholesterol
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12
Q

haptoglobin

A
  • this mops up free dead haemoglobin and it will be cleared by the liver
  • the globin chains will be broken into amino acids.
  • iron will be bound to transferrin and returned to the macrophages
  • porpyrin ring becomes bilirubin (this is bund to albumin and conjugated to glucuronide- to be extreted in bile from the liver)
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13
Q

What are the viral structure components?

A
  • nucleic acid
  • capsid
  • envelope
  • spikes
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14
Q

What are mesosomes?

A

They are folds in the bacterial membrane of prokaryotes that can invaginate and pinch off to form a free organelle in the cell.
They increase the surface area for aerobic respiration.

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15
Q

what binds to free haemaglobin?

A

hepatoglobin

16
Q

explain mathemoglobin?

A

this is formed when haemoglobin is oxidised to contain iron on the ferric state (Fe3+) rather than the ferrous normal state (Fe2+).
in this state it cannot bind to oxygen.

17
Q

what are the fibrillar proteins found in the ECM?

A

collagen
elastin
fibronectin
laminin

18
Q

where does production of the collagen fibril take place?

A

in a membrane tube called FIBRIPOSITOR

19
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

Oxidation/reduction
Alcohol dehydrogenase

20
Q

Transferases

A

Transfer of functional groups
Hexokinase

21
Q

Hydrolyses

A

Hydrolysis reaction (bond breaking)
Trypsin

22
Q

Lyases

A

Addition of double bonds
Carbonic anhydrase

23
Q

Isomerases

A

Isomerisation reaction
L-alanine isomerase

24
Q

Ligases

A

Formation of bonds with ATP cleavage
Glutamine synthase

25
Q

Translocases

A

Catalyses the movement of ions across membranes

26
Q

langerhans calls?

A

dendritic cells that play an important part in the immune system

27
Q

touch receptors

A

Meisner corpuscle

28
Q

pain receptors

A

nocioreceptors

29
Q

pressure receptors

A

paninian receptors

30
Q

Hexokinase

A

Low Km
Will phosphorylate glucose at low concentration, ensuring the utilisation of glucose.
Found in all tissue

31
Q

Glucokinase

A

High Km
Will only phosphorylate glucose when blood glucose concentrations are high and will store it for energy.
Found in the liver

32
Q

DIPF organophosphate pesticide

A

This is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor - by phosphorylation the serine hydroxyl group located at the active site.
Allowing accumulation of neurotransmitters at synapse.

33
Q

Describe the activity of the enzyme PFK?

A

It will transfer the phosphate to fructose-6- phosphate
Important step in glycolysis
- PKF will bind ATP at 2 sites
In the presence of high ATP levels, atp will bind to the inhibitory site preventing the fructose 6 phosphate from binding, preventing glycolysis from taking place.
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF FEEDBACK INHIBITION WHEN THE PRODUCT ACTS AS AN INHIBITOR TO PREVENT THE PROCESS FROM CONTINUEING

34
Q

Perinephric cells

A

These cells will sense low oxygen levels, so mRNA production for epo is increased

35
Q

What is the RBC membrane made from?

A

Alpha and beta spectrin strands interweaving

36
Q

Cortisol and aldosterone

A

Cortisol will Increase blood glucose
Aldosterone will increase blood pressure.

37
Q

Cortex of adrenal gland

A

Glandular tissue derived from mesoderm

38
Q

Medulla of adrenal gland

A

Nervous tissue derived from neural crest

MD2001 NG (28 decks)

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