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MD2001 NG > adhesion and ecm > Flashcards

adhesion and ecm Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 connective tissue cells?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • myofibroblasts
  • blood derived products
  • osteoblasts
  • chondroblasts
  • adipocytes
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2
Q

what 2 things combine to make polysaccharides?

A

glycosaminoglycans and specific proteins

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3
Q

what is the ecm made from

A

fibrillar proteins - elastin, collagen, laminin, fibronectin.
GAGS

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4
Q

fibroblast function

A

synthesis and secrete collagen, elastin, proteoglycans

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5
Q

why is collagen secretion special?

A
  • because collagen is packaged into specialised large vesicles in the RER.
  • secretion occurs by exocytosis at specialised sites.
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6
Q

what is the membrane tube that collagen is produced in?

A

fibropositor

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7
Q

where are elastic fibres secreted from?

A

fibroblasts
smooth muscle cells
chondroblasts

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8
Q

how does elastin recoil?

A

it recoils because of its hydrophobic effect, it wants to recoil when it is stretched because its hydrophobic fibres are exposed to aqueous environment.

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9
Q

proteoglycan function?

A
  • matrix support (cushioning/hydration)
  • glue like function
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10
Q

what will intern attach to?

A

it is a transmembrane protein that will attach to fibronectin on the outside and an adaptor protein on the inside.

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11
Q

describe GAGs

A
  • they are long chains of repeating disaccharide units.
  • highly charged and highly hydrated.
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12
Q

what does hyaluronic acid do?

A

it links between the ecm and cytoskeleton. (across the plasma membrane)

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13
Q

what will collagen and proteoglycans link too?

A

fibronectin

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14
Q

what are the 2 functions of myofibroblasts?

A

fibroblast like- secretes collagen
smooth muscle like - synthesises collagen, myosin and desmin.

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15
Q

what is myofibroblasts involvement in tissue damage?

A
  • proliferate
  • secrete collagen for scaffold
  • consolidate damage area (fibrous scar)
  • contract (reducing the size of the damaged area)
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16
Q

how to myofibroblasts differentiate from fibroblasts?

A

they have different mechanical tension especially during wound healing.

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17
Q

granule content of mast cells?

A

heparin and histamine

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18
Q

plasma cells?

A

they produce antibodies through the secretory pathway

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19
Q

3 functions of adipocytes?

A
  • insulation
  • packing
  • energy store
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20
Q

describe the shape of adipocytes?

A

they have a large lipid droplet with a peripheral cytoplasm and a squished nucleus.

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21
Q

what happens when adipocytes are paraffin embedded during staining?

A

the lipid will be lost during the processing

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22
Q

what can a mutant ob gene cause?

A
  • excessive eating
  • obesity
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23
Q

in mice with a mutant ob gene are injected with lectin, what happens?

A

they loose weight as their eating is curbed.

24
Q

leptin

A

stop eating hormone

25
Q

function of white fat

A
  • energy store but it is extremely dynamic.
  • produces adipokines (leptin)
26
Q

function of adipokines?

A

they regulate nutritional balance and other systems.

27
Q

why does leptin increase in fat people?

A

fat people have more leptin because they have a tissue defect, they have to produce more leptin to get the same response as another person. (resistance to leptin on obesity)

28
Q

what does cell junctions and adhesion proteins do (over all)?

A

link cells to other cells and to the ecm

29
Q

from top to bottoms, what are the main cell junction?

A
  • tight junctions
  • adhesion junctions
  • desmosomes
  • gap junctions
  • hemidesmesomes
30
Q

what are the 3 types of cell adhesions cells?

A

integrin
selectin
CAM

31
Q

tight junctions

A
  • define polarity as they fence off lipids and proteins
  • control the passage of substances
  • can link to actin
32
Q

how does the permeability differ between cells?

A

because tight junctions are made of claudins (there are 24 different ones) so different Claudins= different permeability of the epithelium.

33
Q

what does adherens junctions do?

A

they will anchor the actin filaments to the membrane

34
Q

what 2 things will the adherens junction use intracellulary to bind to the actin filament? (anchor proteins)

A

catenin and vinculins

35
Q

what will adherens junctions use extraceullarly to bind?

A

cadherin

36
Q

are there different types of cadherin?

A

yes, each cadherin provides cell adhesion in different tissue.

37
Q

E-cadherin

A

epithelia

38
Q

N-cadherin

A

neurons and heart muscle

39
Q

P-cadherin

A

placenta and epidermis

40
Q

VE-cadherin

A

endothelial cells

41
Q

desmosomes

A

they link between strong intermediate filaments in adjacent cells

42
Q

in desmosomes what what do cadherin proteins bind to?

A
  • adjacent cadherin
  • cell membrane
  • intracellular plaque glycoprotein
43
Q

hemidesmesomes

A
  • they link the outside of the cell through transmembrane proteins (integrins) to the cytoskeleton (intermediate filaments)
  • they are more stable than focal adhesions
  • link laminin to bm
44
Q

symptoms of duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

muscle weakness
muscle wasting
damage to muscle fibres due to muscle tearing.

45
Q

treatment for DMD?

A

PTC 124 (ataluren) though to override the premature stop codon to produce

46
Q

what transition will carcinoma cells undergo?

A

they will undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition

47
Q

what happens in micro invasion

A
  • reduced expression of cadherin due to the transition to mesenchymal cells (no longer epithelial)
  • protrusion called invadopedia
  • secretion of metalproteases
  • bm breached
  • tumour cells express integrin promoting interaction with non epithelial cells during movement.
48
Q

what happens in metastasis?

A
49
Q

where are gap junctions found

A

cardiac muscle

49
Q

desmosomes bing to a glycoprotein plaque intracellularly, what is this plaque made of?

A

desmoplakin
plakoglobin

49
Q

function of gap junctions

A
  • communication
  • make a hydrophilic Chanel
  • allowing small molecules to pass
  • coordination of function
49
Q

what is cytoplasmically anchored to the plaque in desmosomes?

A

keratin filaments

50
Q

what happens during metastasis

A
  • the autocrine motility factors from the tumour increase the motility and decrease E-cadherin
  • angiogenesis factors promote vasularisation allowing entry into bv and lymphatics
51
Q

duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

lack of dystrophin adaptor protein due to a nonsense mutation causing the premature termination of translation

51
Q

focal adhesions function

A
  • they link the outside of the cell with the cytoskeleton (actin) via integrin transmembrane proteins.
  • they can act as signalling platforms.
51
Q

what are the cadherins made of in desmosomes

A

desmocollins
desmogleins

51
Q

what are gap junctions made of

A

6 connexions (they all have a central hydrophilic pore)

MD2001 NG (28 decks)

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