GI Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalic phase

A
  • the though, sight, smell and taste of food will stimulate the vagal pathway.
  • salivary secretion and excitation of the stomach
  • pepsinogen and gastrin will be secreted into stomach.
  • stimulating the secretion of HCL and enzymes from pancreatic acinar cells.
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2
Q

Gastric phase

A

-Vagovagal response
- gastrin and histamine secretion will increase acid production

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3
Q

Intestinal phase

A
  • further breakdown and absorption of nutrients
  • amino acids and fatty acids will stimulate the release of CCK and secretin into the small intestine.
  • cck will cause contraction of the gallbladder (increase bile secretion) and stimulate acinar cells in the pancreas to secret digestive enzymes.
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4
Q

Purpose of secretin and cck?

A

CCK= contraction of the gallbladder
Secretin = aids in amplification of bile production of the liver and stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralise chyme.

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5
Q

What can CCK and secretin work together to do?

A

They can act together to inhibit peristaltic movements to allow for proper absorption.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of amylase and saliva mixing with food in the mouth?

A

They will improve the environment for stomach enzymes and make the food easier to swallow.
It also allows amylase to start digesting carbs.

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7
Q

4 phases of swallowing

A

Voluntary
Pharyngeal
No name
Oesophageal

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8
Q

Migrating motor complex

A

Prevent bacterial overgrowth and keeps stomach and intestine clean.
Stimulated by motilin (a hormones released during fasted state)

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9
Q

Segmentation

A
  • Mixing chyme with secretions and mucosa.
  • contraction of the circular muscle layer.
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10
Q

Peristalsis

A

Propels chyme along the small intestine via contraction of the longitudinal smooth muscle

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11
Q

main pancreatic blood supply?

A

splenic artery (from coeliac trunk)
pancreatic-duodenal arteries (from super mesenteric artery)

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12
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

islets of langerhans - insulin and glucagon

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13
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

bicarbonate and enzyme
the bicarbonate is what gives the pancreas its high alkalinity .

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14
Q

what stimulates duct cell secretion from of bicarbonate?

A
  • secretin (increases cAMP levels)
  • Ach (increase Ca levels)
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15
Q

how does the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger work?

A

carbonic anhydrase will catalyse the release of CL- through the CFTR chloride channel, allowing the chloride to re-enter the cell through the Cl/HCO3 channel. this moves bicarbonate out and Cl back in.

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16
Q

when bicarbonate moves out of the duct cells, what will move with it?

A

sodium and water will follow the bicarbonate paracellular

17
Q

what inhibits bicarbonate secretion?

A

substance P

18
Q

what makes up the portal triad?

A

hepatic artery
portal vein
bile duct

19
Q

what regulates flow in and out of the gallbladder

A

valve of Hiester

20
Q

cholestasis

A
  • suppression of bile secretion (nothing moving)
  • regurgitation of bile components leading to juandice and itching
  • damage to hepatocytes
  • caused by mechanical obstruction
21
Q

gallstones

A

disturbance of bile secretion and and cholesterol elimination leading to a build of of cholesterol

22
Q

liver functions

A
  • synthesis and secretion of bile
  • metabolism and storage of carbs, lipids, proteins and vitamins
  • detoxification
  • synthesis of blood clotting
  • immune system function
23
Q

kupffer cells

A

removal of intestinal bacteria from portal blood to keep systemic circulation clear.