STUCK Flashcards
DO-ONCE-A-DAY
peroxisomes function
- break down fatty acids
- synthesis specialised lipids
- perform oxidative reactions
what is an example of the molecular scaffold that aids vesicle budding?
clathrin
what are the functions of nucleotides?
-short term energy store
- store of electrons
- cofactores for enzymes
- signalling molecules
- building blocks for DNA or RNA
What is secreted by salivary glands and the pancreas?
a-amylase is secreted by salivary glands and the pancrease. This hydrolyses amylose and amylopectin.
there are 4 different levels of stregth built in to the collagen fibre, what are they?
close packing of subunits = glycine every 3
opposing twists = proline
hydrogen bonding = hydroxyproline
cross linking = lyseine-derived aldehydes
what is the structure of tropocollagen?
- it consists of 3 polypeptides that are wound into a triple helix.
- the high proline content allows for opposing twists
- it can become hydroxylated meaning it can form hydrogen bonds
- glycine will appear every 3rd residue.
hardy Weinberg principle?
relative proportion of different genotypes remains constant from one generation to the next
how do you treat anti freeze poisoning?
you give a near intoxicating dose of ethanol, this will compete with the ethylene glycol for the alcohol dehydrogenase, meaning that oxalate will be made at a slower rate.
what is vasomotion
this is when blood flow is shunted to maintain blood pressure to vital organs
in elastic arteries, what other membrane can they have?
internal elastic membrane which holds blood at a higher pressure
what nerve does the tunica media contain?
the sympathetic vasomotor nerve that is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
how do arterioles control blood pressure
because when arterioles constrict there will be an increase in resistance which will control the Flow of blood into capillary beds and control blood pressure within tissue.
what are the 2 hormones used in stimulating lactation?
prolactin- stimulates the production of milk
oxytocin- causes the contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the mammary glands, resulting in milk ejection from the breast
in pregnancy what is the hormone that is secreted that is detected on the pee stick?
B-hCG, this is produced by the placenta.
if there is loss in Broca’as area of the brain, what happens?
loss of the ability to speak
if there is loss in Wernicke’s area of the brain, what happens?
loss of sensory interpretation
how is energt obtained from protein synthesis?
the hydrolysis of GTP
what kind of reaction is there at the end of translation?
there is a hydrolysis reaction that seperates the amino acid from the tRNA
how many dural septa are there and what are there function?
- 4 dural septa
- they invaginate into the brain
- secure the brain to the skull
- dempens the movemnt
initiation of tranlation?
finding the initiation complex (AUG) using the small ribosome, once it has been found the large ribosome will bind and act as a catalyst.
elongation of translation?
anticodons of tRNA will form base pairs with mRNA one codon at a time
what are the 3 binding sites on the ribosome?
P- peptide chains attach here
A- amino acids bind here
E- exit site
termination of translation?
termination codon is encountered at the end of the open reading frame and the bond between the protein and tRNA is broken. The whole complex disassociates, requires termination factors.
what is translocation?
this is the process that advances the mRNA -tRNA movement on the ribosome to allow the next codon to move into the decoding centre.
what is the plane called that divides the body into 2 identical halves?
median saggital
what position will the arm be in, if it is flexed at the shoulder joint?
the arm will be in anatomical position
where will you find met arterioles?
between arterioles and capillary beds
what are the 3 main branches of the aortic arch?
brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid
left subclavian
lung cancer may cause palpable lymph nodes in the neck dude to the mediastinal nodes, communicating with what other nodes?
deep cervical nodes
base and apex of the heart?
base = left atrium
apex= left ventricle
what is the function of mitral valves?
they will prevent blood from passing from the left ventricle into the left atrium
WHAT type of haemoglobin is found in the sickle cell aneamia?
haemoglobin S
what type of bacteria is staphylococcus aureus?
gram positive
where will you find the ascending loop of henele?
in the juxtamedullary nephron?
what will help connect proteoglycans to the membrane proteins?
fibronectin
what is haemotocrit a measure of?
it will measure the volume of red blood cell to the volume of whole blood.
what are hepatocytes responsible for?
the production of bile
what artery will supply the small intestine and most of the large intestine?
superior mesenteric artery
where will you find the parotid glands?
the cheeks anterior to the ear
in the kidney, where does most water reabsorption take place?
proximal tubule
apocrine and merocrine sweat glands?
apocrine = alkaline secretion
merocrine = acidic secretion- thermoregulation
what are the main issues with HCAI?
- the cost on the NHS
- people in hospital can be immunosupressed
- increasing antimicrobial resistance
- can lead to chronic conditions
what are the 4 steps in controlling a HCAI?
- sureillance (measure the problem)
- epidemiology (understand the problem)
- management
- prevention
where does all protein synthesis start?
cytosol
what are the 4 functions of the RER?
- site of membrane synthesis
- quality control
- signal stress
- modifies proteins
what is the difference between constitutive secretion and regulatory secretion?
constitutive = related to the function of the individual cell, it will be regulated by protein expression inside the cell
regulatory secretion = related to the interaction of the cell and it will be regulated by the external stimuli.
what is it that will define the movement of transport along microtubules?
the motor protein will have polarity.
What is single channel conductance ?
This is a measure of how good a channel is at letting current run through it.
It can be calculated using V=IR
Calculating conductance is important because in gives us an understanding of roles of ion channels.
Where will there be no supraspinous ligament and what is it replaced by?
Between C2 and C7 there will be no supraspinous ligament and it will be replaced by the nuchal ligament
What are the 4 P’ s in medicine
Personalised
Predictive
Participatory
Preventative
When will eosinophil levels rise?
Hodgkin’s disease, helminth infection
What cell surface receptor to basophils have
IgE
what makes up bone marrow stroma?
fibroblasts
macrophages
adipocytes
general structure of nucleotides?
nitrogen linked to a 5 carbon sugar
what will you find in synovial fluid?
hyaluronic acid
lubrican (glycoproteins)
phagocytic cells.
how does the cyclic structure of monosaccharides form?
when the hydroxyl group of C5 will interact with the ketone or aldehyde group.
how does glucose become attached to rbc?
glucose will enter the rbc in a non insulin dependant manner, resulting in covalent linkage between glucose and the NH2 amino terminal on B haemoglobin = HbA1c.
how does brown fat make heat?
by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, allowing it to burn energy and create heat.
what are the 4 criteria for doctrine in double effect?
- the negative effect can be foreseen but never intended
- the action must be good independent of its consequences
- the bad effect must not be a means to the good effect
- the good effect must outweigh the bad effects.
What are red blood cell cytoskeleton made from?
alpha and beta spectrin strands interweaving.
What type of epithelium will you find in mammary glands?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
What do angiogenesis factors do
They will promote vascularisation to the tumour for nutrients.
what is a systemic effect of acute inflammation?
pyrexia is a systemic effect of acute inflammation and the slight increase in body temp will improve the efficiency of leukocytes in killing leukocytes.
What are the 3 teratogens
Drug chemicals
Infectious agents
Ionising radiation
how do the kidneys effect the pH balance?
they can reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions depending on the balance needed in the blood stream
2 good things about scintigraphy?
high sensitivity and provides functional information one the anatomy.
3 ways to asses chronic pain?
physiological = increase in heart rate (this assumes that pain is associated with a physiological response
self report = rating scale
behavioural assessment = observation on pain behaviour (physical, verbal and facial)
where will the 4 cerebral ventricles be found?
lateral = cerebral hemisphere
3rd ventricle = diencephalon
4th ventricle = brain stem
central canal = spinal cord
cerebrum
2 hemispheres divided incompletely by the median longitudinal fissure.
Three components of the health belief model?
Individual perception
Modifying factors
Likelihood of action
These factors will influence the individuals perceived threat of the disease and therefore wether or not they will choose to utilise the health service or not.
what as an epigenetic modification?
this is when there is a change in gene expression that does not cause a change in DNA sequence.
what are the order or stages of bone remodelling?
quisence
resorption
reversal
reformation
what epithelia will you find in the stomach?
simple columnar
what epithelia will you find in the stomach?
simple columnar
how is aquaporin 2 regulated in the kidney?
antidiuretic hormone will regulate AQP-2 by stimulating the movement of AQP to the luminal side of the renal membrane increasing water absorption.
what are the 3 main determinants of disease transmission?
environemnt
host
the agent
what will suckling produce?
it produces a spinal reflex that results in the release of oxytocin and prolactin. oxytocin = elicits contraction of the myoepithelial cells
prolactin = needed to produce milk
describe the chain of infection? and how can you combat it at each step?
1- infectious agent= treat with appropriate antibacterial
2- portal of entry= antibiotics
3- susceptible host = screening to identify people who are high risk
4- reservoir = treat infected and asymptomatic, isolate ppl infected
5- mode of exit- cover mouth
6- mode of transmission - sex ed advise
