drugs

Question 1

digoxin

Answer 1

used to treat heart failure arythmia by Na/K pump

Question 2

Drugs Class: Beta-Lactam and cephalosporin

Answer 2

Target= penicillin binding proteins
Mechanism= preventing peptidoglycan cross linking
Example= penicillin, Flucloxacillin

Question 3

Drug Class: glycopeptide

Answer 3

target = C terminal, D-Ala -D-Ala
mechanism= prevents transglycolation and transpeptidation
example= vancomycin

Question 4

drug class: cyclic peptide

Answer 4

mechanism = prevents the carriage of building blocks of peptidoglycan bacterial wall outside of the inner membrane.
Example = bacitracin

Question 5

drugs class: phosphonic acid

Answer 5

target = murA protein
mechanism = inhibits the first stage of peptidoglycan synthesis
example = fosphomycin

Question 6

drug class: lipopeptides

Answer 6

mechanism = calcium dependant membrane depolarisation
example = daptomycin

Question 7

examples of B-lactamase resistant penicillins

Answer 7

methicillin
oxacillin
nafcillin
cloxacillin
dicloxacillin

Question 8

examples of broad spectrum penicillins

Answer 8

ampicillin
amoxicillin

Question 9

examples of extended spectrum penicillins

Answer 9

carbenicillin
ticaracillin
azlocillin
piperacillin

Question 10

examples of cephalosporins

Answer 10

cephalexin

Question 11

sulphonamides and trimethoprim

Answer 11

antibiotics that act through an inhibition of the folate pathway in bacteria - bacteria have to make their own supply but we don’t as we get it in out diet - selective toxicity
sulphonamides will inhibit - dihydropteroate synthetase
trimethoprim will inhibit = dihydrofolate reductase

Question 12

aminoglycosides

Answer 12

• forms ionic bonds with the cell
• penetrates the cell wall by a transport mechanism across cell membrane
• diffuse into the cytoplasm and then binds to the bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis
  EG- streptomycin

Question 13

tetracyclines

Answer 13

• prevent attachment of the tRNA to the acceptor A site on mRNA
• prevents the addition of amino acids to the peptide chain
  The difference in activity of tetracyclines are related to their solubility in the lipid membrane of bacteria

Question 14

chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin

Answer 14

they prevent the addition of new amino acid to the growing peptide chain by binding to the ribosomes, this prevents the association of the peptide-transferase with the amino acid and no peptide bond will be formed.

Question 15

fluoroquinolones

Answer 15

• synthetic antibiotics
• they act by inhibiting DNA topoisomerase II
• this enzyme catalyses the introduction of negative supercoil in DNA permitting transcription and replication.

Question 16

Lidocaine - acting and onset time?

Answer 16

Medium acting
Rapid onset

Question 17

Prilocaine

Answer 17

Medium acting
NO VASODILATION

Question 18

Bupivacaine?

Answer 18

Long acting
Slow onset

Question 19

Articaine

Answer 19

Short acting
Rapid onset

Question 20

3 ester containing local anaesthetics?

Answer 20

Tetracaine. - long acting, slow onset
Chloroprocaine - medium acting
Benzocaine- atypical mechanism of action

Question 21

Aspirin?

Answer 21

Irreversible COX-1 inhibitor.
Binds to the serine group next to the active site

Cox-1 catalyses the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins.