The Arches Of The Foot

Question 1

Human foot perform two basic functions:

Answer 1

• Support the body weight.
• Serves as a lever to propel the body forward during locomotion.
• Absorbs the shock produced during locomotion.

Question 2

These basic foot functions are carried out efficiently by…

Answer 2

…segmented skeleton of foot

Question 3

What are the arches of the foot?

Answer 3

They are peculiar bony configuration consisting of the tarsals, metatarsals, ligaments and tendons of the foot.

Question 4

The foot has ____ arches; they are:

Answer 4

3; Two longitudinal (medial and lateral) arches and one anterior transverse arch

Question 5

Longitudinal arches

Answer 5

2 - medial and lateral

• Formed between the tarsal bones and the proximal end of the metatarsals.

Question 6

Which is the higher of the longitudinal arches?

Answer 6

The medial arch is the higher of the two longitudinal arches

Question 7

The medial longitudinal arch is formed by:

Answer 7

• the calcaneus
• the talus
• the navicular
• three cuneiforms
• first three metatarsals

Question 8

Summit of the medial longitudinal arch

Answer 8

Superior articular facet of talus

Question 9

Which longitudinal arch is higher, more mobile & more resilient

Answer 9

Medial longitudinal arch

Question 10

Ligamentous support of the medial longitudinal arch

Answer 10

Plantar aponeurosis
Long plantar
Short plantar
Deltoid ligament of the ankle joint
Spring ligament (Plantar calcaneonavicular ligaments)

Question 11

Muscular support of the medial longitudinal arch

Answer 11

Tibialis anterior and posterior
Fibularis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Short muscles of the big toe

Question 12

Bony support of the medial longitudinal arch

Answer 12

Shape of the bones of the arch keep it in position (same as lateral)

Question 13

The lateral longitudinal arch is formed by:

Answer 13

• Calcaneus
• Cuboid
• 4th and 5th metatarsal bones

Question 14

Special features of the lateral longitudinal arch:

Answer 14

• Built to transmit weight to the ground

- Makes more contact with the ground

Question 15

Summit of the lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 15

Subtalar articulation

Question 16

Ligamentous support of the lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 16

Plantar aponeurosis
Interosseous ligaments
Long plantar ligament
Short plantar ligament

Question 17

Muscular support of the lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 17

Peroneus longus & brevis
Flexor digitorum longus.
Short muscles of the little toe

Question 18

Transverse arch location

Answer 18

The transverse arch is located in the coronal plane of the foot

Question 19

The transverse arch is formed by:

Answer 19

• The metatarsal bases
• The cuboid
• The three cuneiform bones

Question 20

The transverse arch exists as a result of:

Answer 20

Difference in height between the medial and lateral arches

Question 21

Muscular support of the transverse arch

Answer 21

Fibularis longus and brevis
Tibialis posterior
Transverse head of hallucis longus

Question 22

Ligamentous support of the transverse arch

Answer 22

Deep transverse ligament

Interosseous ligament Spring ligament

Question 23

Bony support of the transverse arch

Answer 23

The wedged shape of the bones of the arch

Question 24

Describe the motion of a walking human

Answer 24

Bipedal locomotion, characterised by an ‘inverted pendulum’ motion, in which the body vaults over the non-moving limb.

Question 25

Design Considerations for Bipedal Gait and Upright Posture

Answer 25

- Stability in upright posture - Ability to raise & control trunk over hindlimbs - Ability to balance on one leg - Walk with feet underneath body

Question 26

What is the human gait cycle?

Answer 26

The time interval between two successive occurrences of one of the repetitive events of walking

Question 27

Phases of the human gait cycle

Answer 27

- Stance phase (Foot on ground) | - Swing phase (Foot off ground)

Question 28

Stance phase

Answer 28

- 60% of the gait cycle | - Divided into heel strike, support, and toe-off

Question 29

Swing phase

Answer 29

- 40% of gait cycle | - Left lift and swing

Question 30

The stages of walking

Answer 30

``` Heel strike Mid(Support) Toe Off Leg Lift Swing ```

Question 31

Heel strike muscles

Answer 31

Gluteus Maximus Quadriceps Femoris Anterior compartment of the leg

Question 32

Mid Support muscles

Answer 32

Gluteus Medius and Minimus TFL Quadriceps femoris Foot inverters and Evertors

Question 33

Toe off muscles

Answer 33

Hamstring muscles Posterior leg compartment Quadriceps femoris

Question 34

Leg lift muscles

Answer 34

Hamstrings Anterior leg compartment Iliopsoas, Rectus femoris

Question 35

Swing muscles

Answer 35

Iliopsoas and Rectus femoris Quadriceps femoris Anterior leg

Question 36

Which bone of the foot does no muscle originate from or insert into?

Answer 36

Talus

Question 37

How many bones are in the foot?

Answer 37

26

Question 38

The main joints of the foot

Answer 38

Ankle (talocrual) Subtalar Midtarsal

Question 39

Hind foot =

Answer 39

Talus + Calcaneus

Question 40

Mid foot =

Answer 40

Navicular + Cuboid + Cuneiforms

Question 41

Forefoot =

Answer 41

Metatarsals + Phalanges

Question 42

There are sesamoid bones in the foot. True or false?

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Where on the foot are there sesamoid bones?

Answer 43

1st metatarsal