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ANA2 > Histology of Renal Structures > Flashcards

Histology of Renal Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the Urinary system

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

Functions of Urinary System

A
  • Regulates fluid balance (fluid volume) of the body
  • Excretes organic waste products & conserve nutrients
  • Stabilizes pH
  • Regulates ion concentrations in the blood
  • Endocrine functions: Erythropoietin, Renin, ACE, Vitamin D
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3
Q

The fictional unit of the kidney is…

A

The nephron

1-4 mi/kidney

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4
Q

Tubular passageways associated with blood vessels

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop Of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct

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5
Q

Glomerulus is…

A

A specialized capillary bed attached to arterioles on both sides (maintains high pressure)

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6
Q

Arterioles attached to the glomerulus are:

A
  • Large afferent arteriole

* Narrow efferent arteriole

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7
Q

Afferent arteriole function

A

Feeds glomerular capillary bed

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8
Q

Efferent arteriole function

A

Drains glomerular capillary

bed

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9
Q

Arterioles are high resistance vessels. True or false?

A

True

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10
Q

How do the attached arterioles aid the glomerulus?

A
  • Afferent diameter is greater than efferent diameter, so blood pressure in glomerulus is extremely high
  • The high BP forces fluids and solutes out of the blood and into the glomerular capsule that drains into the collecting tubule
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11
Q

Glomerular Filtration Assembly

A
  1. Capillary endothelium
  2. Basement
  3. Glomerular epithelium
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12
Q

Types of nephrons

A

2 - Cortical and Juxtamedullary

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13
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

(85% of all nephrons)
Shorter
Mostly in cortex of kidney, very small portion of LOH enters medulla
Produce “standard” urine.

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14
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • 15%
  • Located near corticomedullary junction
  • Responsive to ADH
  • Produce highly conc urine
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15
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate urine by…

A

… creating a gradient of hypertonicity in medullary interstitium

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16
Q

Types of cells in Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

Simple squamous

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17
Q

Types of epithelial cells in proximal convoluted tubule

A

Cuboidal or low columnar

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18
Q

The cell apex in PCT has abundant border microvilli. True or false?

A

True

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19
Q

The loop of Henle is made up of thin and thick ascending and descending limbs. True or false?

A

True

20
Q

The think limbs in the loop of Henle are similar to…

A

…PCT. Cuboidal or low columnar

21
Q

Types of epithelial cells in thin limbs of loop of Henle

A

Squamous

22
Q

PCT or DCT, which is longer?

A

PCT

23
Q

DCT & PCT both found in…

A

…the cortex, lined with simple cuboidal epithelium.

24
Q

DCT cell features

A
  • No brush border
  • No apical canaliculi
  • Smaller cells
  • Elaborate basal membrane invaginations & associated mitochondria
25
Q

DCT establishes contact with…

A

…vascular pole of renal corpuscle of its parent nephron

26
Q

At what point are the PCT & afferent arteriole modified?

A

Where the DCT established contact with vascular pole of renal corpuscle of its parent nephron

27
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial, Goormaghtigh, Lacis cells or Polkissen cells are…

A

Pericytes found outside the glomerulus, near the vascular pole.

28
Q

Apart from endothelial cells & podocytes, glomerular

capillaries have…

A

…mesangial cells adhering to their walls

29
Q

Which cells have receptors for angiotensin II?

A

Intraglomerular mesangial cells

30
Q

Cell type responsible for…

A
  • Production of cytokines & prostaglandins

- Synthesis of extra cellular matrix

31
Q

Intraglomular mesangial cells have receptors for…

A

ANF - vasodilator; relaxing blood flow

32
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus =

A

Macula densa + Juxtaglomerular cells

33
Q

Kidneys may sustain 90% loss of nephrons and still not show apparent symptoms. True or false?

A

True

34
Q

Nephrolithiasis occurs when…

A

urine becomes too concentrated and substances crystalize. Stones begin to move down the ureter, causing pain.

35
Q

There is a progressive decline in urinary function with age. True or false?

A

True, and the bladder shrinks with aging

36
Q

Urinary retention is common in females, true or false?

A

False, males

37
Q

Length or female urethra

A

5 cm long

38
Q

Epithelium of female urethra

A

Stratified + areas of pseudostratified columnar

39
Q

Epithelium of prostatic of male urethra

A

Transitional epithelium

40
Q

Epithelium of membranous male urethra

A

Stratified/Pseudostratified columnar

41
Q

Epithelium of cells and bulbous & pendulous urethra

A

Mostly pseudostratified columnar + stratified, squamous

42
Q

Epithelium in the mucosa of the urinary bladder wall

A

Transitional epithelium: 5-6 cells thick in undistended; 3⁄4 in
stretched epithelium

43
Q

Muscle fibres in the urinary bladder run…

A

…in every direction until the bladder neck is approached where 3 layers of smooth muscle are distinct

44
Q

The walls are thick & folded in an empty bladder. True or false?

A

True

45
Q

The walls of the ureters…

A

…become gradually thicker as the bladder is approached

46
Q

Peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport. True or false?

A

True

47
Q

Calyces, Renal pelvis, Ureter, bladder are lined by…

A

Transitional epithelium

ANA2 (33 decks)

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