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ANA2 > Histology Of Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Histology Of Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

The male reproductive system is composed of

A
  • Testes
  • Genital ducts
  • Accessory glands
  • Penis
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2
Q

Primary functions of the male reproductive system

A

Sperm and testosterone production

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3
Q

What is the metabolite for testosterone?

A

Dihydrotestosterone

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4
Q

Testosterone is important for:

A

◦Spermatogenesis
◦Sexual differentiation during embryonic and fetal development
◦Control of gonadotropin secretion in the pituitary

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5
Q

Dihydrotestosterone acts on…

A

… male accessory glands and hair follicles

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6
Q

Function of the genital ducts and accessory glands

A
  • Secretions for sperm activity

- their contraction helps to propel spermatozoa and the secretions from the penile urethra

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7
Q

Semen is composed of…

A

…sperm-nourishing secretions and spermatozoa

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8
Q

Each testis is surrounded by…

A

…a capsule of dense connective tissue called the tunica albuginea

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9
Q

On what part of the testes does the tunica albuginea thicken and what is formed?

A

It thickens on the posterior aspect of the testis to form the mediastinum testis

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10
Q

What arises from the mediastinum testis to penetrate the organ and divide it into pyramidal compartments or lobules? How many are the lobules?

A

Septa; about 250 to 1000

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11
Q

Each lobule of the testis is occupied by…

A

…one to four seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

The seminiferous tubules are surrounded by

A

interstitial tissue rich in blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and interstitial cells of Leydig

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13
Q

•The seminiferous tubules produce _____ while Leydig cells secrete _____

A

spermatozoa, androgens

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14
Q

During fetal development, as the testes migrates from the abdominal cavity to the scrotal sac, they carry with them ___

A

a serous sac, the tunica vaginalis, derived from the peritoneum

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15
Q

The tunica vaginalis consists of…

A

…an outer parietal layer lining the scrotum and an inner visceral layer covering the tunica albuginea on the anterior and lateral sides of the testis

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16
Q

At what temperature does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Below 37oC

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17
Q

Interstitial tissue is located between seminiferous tubules. True or false?

A

True

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18
Q

The interstitial tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules consist of…

A

dispersed connective tissue containing:
◦Fibroblasts
◦Lymphatics
◦Blood vessels including fenestrated capillaries

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19
Q

During puberty, interstitial cells or Leydig cells develop as…

A

…large round or polygonal cells with central nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm rich in small lipid droplets

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20
Q

Which cells produce testosterone in the testes?

A

Interstitial cells or Leydig cells

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21
Q

Testosterone secretion by the interstitial cells is triggered by…

A

…the pituitary gonadotropin- luteinizing hormone (LH) or interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

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22
Q

Where are testosterone-stimulating gonadotropins in the body during puberty?

A

The hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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23
Q

Where are testosterone-stimulating gonadotropins in the body during embryonic development?

A

The placenta

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24
Q

Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules at a rate of…

A

… 2 x 108 per day in the young adult

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25
Q

Size of a lobule

A

about 150-250 µm in diameter and 30-70 cm in length

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26
Q

The combined length of the tubules of one testis is about

A

250 m

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27
Q

Each tubule consists of a ___ , linked to the ___ via a short, narrower segment, called the ___

A

convoluted loop, rete testis, straight tubule or tubuli recti

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28
Q

The rete testis is lined with ___ and embedded in ___

A

Epithelium, mediastinum testis

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29
Q

The rete testis is connected to the head of the epididymis by…

A

About 10-20 efferent ductules

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30
Q

Each seminiferous tubule is lined with…

A

… a specialized stratified epithelium called germinal or spermatogenic epithelium

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31
Q

The spermatogenic epithelium consists of…

A

… two types of cells:

  • Non-dividing cells (Sertoli cells) - Support precursor cells
  • Dividing (Proliferative) cells of the spermatogenic lineage
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32
Q

The cells of the spermatogenic lineage comprises of…

A

4 or more cell layers which develop from progenitor cells to mature sperm cells over a period of about 10 weeks

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33
Q

The development from progenitor cells to mature sec cells takes…

A

10 weeks

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34
Q

Sperm production begins with ___ and ends with ___

A

Spermatogenesis, Spermiogenesis

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35
Q

Spermatogenesis begins at puberty with…

A

…proliferation (rapid increase) of stem and progenitor cells called spermatogonia

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36
Q

Spermatogonia are located…

A

…basally in the epithelium next to the basement membrane and in close association with the Sertoli cells

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37
Q

Diameter of spermatogonia

A

About 12 µm in diameter

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38
Q

The different stages of spermatogonia development are differentiated by…

A

…changes in shape and staining properties of their nuclei

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39
Q

What are the largest cells of the spermatogenic lineage?

A

Primary spermatocytes

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40
Q

Spermiogenesis is…

A

the final stage in sperm production and is the process by which spermatids transform into spermatozoa

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41
Q

Soermiogenesis is a temperature-sensitive process that requires cell division. True or false?

A

False. It is temp-driven, but requires no cell division

42
Q

The spermatids are positioned where?

A

Near the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and remain in close association with Sertoli cells

43
Q

Size of spermatids

A

7-8 µm in diameter

44
Q

Spermiogenesis involves:

A
  • Formation of the acrosome
  • Condensation and elongation of the nucleus
  • Development of the flagellum, and
  • The loss of much of the cytoplasm
45
Q

The end result of spermiogenesis is…

A

…the mature spermatozoon which is released into the lumen

46
Q

What are the phases of spermiogenesis?

A

There are 4:

  1. Golgi phase
  2. Cap phase
  3. Acrosome phase
  4. Maturation phase
47
Q

Sertoli cells were named after

A

Enrico Sertoli (1842-1910)

48
Q

What are Sertoli cells?

A

They are tall columnar or pyramidal cells that to a large extent, envelop all cells of the spermatogenic lineage

49
Q

Function of Sertoli cells

A

They function as supporting (metabolic and physical) cells or nurse cells

50
Q

Sertoli cells divide the seminiferous tubules into…

A

2 compartments: Basal and Adluminal

51
Q

Sertoli cells adhere to ___ and their apical ends extend into ___

A

the basal lamina, the lumen

52
Q

Each Sertoli cell supports…

A

30-50 germ cells at various stages of development

53
Q

The blood-testis barrier is formed by…

A

…elaborate tight occluding junctions between the basolateral membranes of adjacent Sertoli cells

54
Q

Functions of the blood-testis barrier

A

It is one part of a system that prevents autoimmune attacks against the spermatogenic cells

55
Q

Functions of Sertoli cells

A
  • Support, protection and nutrition of the developing spermatogenic cells
  • Exocrine and endocrine secretions
  • Phagocytosis
56
Q

Sertoli cells are stimulated by FSH to secrete…

A
  • Androgen-binding protein (ABP)
  • estradiol
  • inhibin
  • mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS)
57
Q

The intratesticular ducts carry spermatozoa and liquid from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis. True or false?

A

True

58
Q

Components of the intratesticular ducts

A

◦Straight tubules or tubuli recti
◦Rete testis
◦Efferent ductules

59
Q

The initial segment of the straight tubule is lined only by ____ while the distal segment is lined with ___

A

Sertoli cells, Cuboidal epithelium and supported by connective tissue of the mediastinum

60
Q

Rete testis drains into how many efferent ductules?

A

About 20

61
Q

Rete testis are lined by…

A

…by an unusual epithelium composed of groups of nonciliated cuboidal cells alternating with groups of taller ciliated cells, giving them a characteristic scalloped appearance

62
Q

The walls of the efferent ductules contain…

A

…a thin layer of smooth muscle cells that facilitate the movement of sperm into the epididymis

63
Q

Function of the Excretory genital ducts

A

They transport sperm from the scrotum to the penis during ejaculation

64
Q

The excretory genital ducts include the:

A

◦Epididymis
◦Ductus (Vas) deferens and
◦Urethra

65
Q

Length of the duct of the epididymis

A

6m

66
Q

The epididymal duct forms the…

A

head, body and tail of the epididymis which lies along the superior and posterior sides of each testis

67
Q

The epididymal duct is lined by…

A

…pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing stereocilia

68
Q

Sperm are stored in the epididymis and attain their various final characteristics including:

A

◦Motility
◦Membrane receptors for zona pellucida proteins
◦Maturation of the acrosome, and
◦Ability to fertilize

69
Q

Properties of ductus (vans) deferens

A
  • Long straight tube with a thick, muscular wall

- Narrow lumen and a thick layer of smooth muscle

70
Q

The ductus deferens is lined along most of its length by…

A

…pseudostratified columnar epithelium with parse stereocilia

71
Q

Properties of the lamina propria and muscularis in the ductus deferens

A

The lamina propria is rich in elastic fibers and the thick muscularis consists of longitudinal inner and outer layers and a middle circular layer

72
Q

Layers of the muscularis of the vans deferens

A

External - Longitudinal

Middle - Circular

73
Q

Fate of the ductus deferens after the urinary bladder

A

After passing over the urinary bladder, the ductus deferens dilates to form an ampulla in which the epithelium is thicker and more extensively folded

74
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles join the ductus deferens?

A

At the final portion of the ampulla

75
Q

The segment of the vans entering the prostate is called

A

the ejaculatory duct

76
Q

What enters the prostate gland and opens into the prostatic urethra?

A

The ductus deferens

77
Q

The mucosa of the ductus deferens continues through the ejaculatory duct, but the muscle layers disappears beyond the ampulla. True or false?

A

True

78
Q

Function of the accessory glands

A

They produce secretions that are added to sperm during ejaculation to produce semen

79
Q

The accessory glands include the:

A

◦Seminal vesicles
◦Prostrate and
◦Bulbourethral glands

80
Q

The two seminal vesicles consists of highly tortuous tubes about 10 cm in length. True or false?

A

False. Their length is 15cm.

81
Q

The unusual mucosa of the seminal vesicles display…

A

a great number of thin, complex folds that fill most of the lumen

82
Q

The folds of the seminal vesicles are lined with…

A

…simple or pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells rich in secretory granules

83
Q

The seminal vesicles are exocrine glands that produce a viscid, yellowish secretion containing:

A 
◦Fructose
◦Citrate
◦Inositol
◦Prostaglandins
◦Fibrinogen  
◦Enzymes and other proteins
84
Q

Importance of semen excretions

A
  • Make up about 70% of the ejaculate
  • Nutrient source for the sperm
    ◦Coagulate semen after ejaculation
85
Q

Prostate gland location

A

It is a dense organ surrounding the urethra below the bladder

86
Q

Size and weight of the urinary bladder

A

It is approximately 2 cm x 3 cm x 4 cm in size and weighs about 20 g.

87
Q

Components of the prostate gland

A

It is a collection of 30-50 branched tubuloalveolar glands, all surrounded by a dense fibromuscular stroma covered by a capsule

88
Q

Layers of the prostate gland

A

The glands are arranged in 3 concentric layers around the urethra:
◦Inner layer of mucosal glands
◦Intermediate layer of submucosal glands and
◦Peripheral layer with the prostate’s main glands

89
Q

Zones of the prostate gland

A

It has 3 zones:
◦Transition zone - 5% of the volume
◦Central zone - 25%
◦Peripheral zone - 70%

90
Q

The tubuloalveolar glands of the prostate are lined by a

A

simple or pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

91
Q

Function of the prostate gland

A

The glands produce prostatic fluid, containing various glycoproteins and enzymes and store this fluid for expulsion during ejaculation
●A rich fibromuscular stroma surrounds the glands
●The prostate is surrounded by a fibroelastic capsule
●Septa from this capsule penetrate the gland and divides it into indistinct lobes

92
Q

Septa from the prostate’s fibroelastic capsule penetrate the gland and divides it into indistinct lobes. True or false?

A

True

93
Q

Importance of the prostate specific antigen (PSA)

A

It is an important secretion of the prostate, high blood levels of which markprostatic carcinoma or inflammation

94
Q

Features of the corpora amylacea

A

◦These are prostatic concretions are often partially calcified, normally present in the lumen
◦They have no physiologic or clinical significance
◦The number increases with age

95
Q

The bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) are located in the ___ and empty into the ___

A

urogenital diaphragm, penile urethra

96
Q

Epithelium of Cowper’s gland is lined by…

A

… a mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium

97
Q

The main components of the penis are:

A

are 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue, plus the penile urethra, surrounded by skin:

2 dorsal corpora cavernosa
1 corpus spongiosum surrounding the urethra

98
Q

Most of the penile urethra is lined with…

A

…pseudostratified columnar epithelium and becomes stratified squamous epithelium at the glans

99
Q

The corpora cavernosa are covered by…

A

…a layer of dense connective tissue, the tunica albuginea

100
Q

The corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum are both composed of erectile tissue. True or false?

A

True

ANA2 (33 decks)

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