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ANA2 > Kidneys and Urinary Systems > Flashcards

Kidneys and Urinary Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Shape and colour of kidneys

A

They are bilateral bean-shaped organs, reddish-brown in colour

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2
Q

Anatomical position of the kidneys

A

At the posterior end of the abdomen from T12 to L3

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3
Q

The left kidney is often situated slightly lower due to the presence of the liver. True or false?

A

False

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4
Q

Dimension of the kidney

A

12cm x 6cm x 4cm (L, W,T)

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5
Q

Kidneys function

A
  • Filter and excrete waste products from the blood.

- Water and electrolyte balance in the body.

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6
Q

Layers of fat that enclose the kidneys

A

Pararenal fat/Renal capsule
Perirenal fat
Renal fascia (also known as Gerota’s fascia or perirenal fascia)

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7
Q

Surfaces of the kidney

A

Anterior

Posterior

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8
Q

Which surface of the kidney has peritoneum?

A

Anterior

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9
Q

On which border of the kidney do we have the hilum?

A

Medial

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10
Q

Poles of the kidney

A

Superior

Inferior

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11
Q

Which pole is thicker, broader and more rounded?

A

Superior

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12
Q

Which pole is closer to the median line?

A

Superior

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13
Q

The renal parenchyma can be divided into…

A

…two main areas – the outer cortex and inner medulla

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14
Q

Compartments of the kidney

A

Cortex
Medulla
Renal pelvis

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15
Q

The cortex and its function

A

It is the outer part between the capsule and medulla.

Function - Ultra filtration

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16
Q

Contents of renal cortex

A

Bowman’s corpuscles

Renal tubules except for loop of Henle

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17
Q

Which part of the renal tubules is not in the cortex?

A

Loop of Henle

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18
Q

The medulla is divided into pyramids called…

A

…renal pyramids

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19
Q

The apex of a renal pyramid is called…

A

…a renal papilla.

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20
Q

Function of the minor calyx

A

Collects urine from the pyramids.

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21
Q

The spaces between the renal pyramids are called…

A

…the renal column of Bertin

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22
Q

The major calyx is…

A

…a combination of 2 to 3 minor calyces that unite near the hilum to form the pelvis

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23
Q

What is the shape of the renal pelvis?

A

Funnel

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24
Q

Function of the renal hilum

A

It acts as a gateway to the kidney – normally the renal vessels and ureter enter/exit the kidney via this structure.

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25
Q

The suprarenal glands are positioned…

A

On the superomedial part of the kidneys

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26
Q

Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands

A

Aldosterone
Adrenaline
Norepinephrine

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27
Q

Aldosterone is for…

A

…regulation of salt and water. This is its only kidney-related function.

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28
Q

The ureter runs from…

A

…the renal pelvis to the bladder

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29
Q

The abdominal part of the ureter runs from…

A

Renal pelvis to pelvic brim

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30
Q

Clinical conditions associated with the kidney

A

Diabetes Milletus - Inability to respond to or produce insulin
Diabetes insipidus - Inability of kidneys to concentrate urine
Renal failure
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

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31
Q

Important hormones produced by the kidneys

A

Erythropoietin, calcitriol, and renin.

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32
Q

The cortex of the kidney has a granular appearance. Why?

A

Due to many capillaries

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33
Q

Mechanisms of urine production

A

3 stages:

  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
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34
Q

Blood supply chain of the kidneys

A 
Renal arteries
Segmental arteries
Lobar
Interlobar
Arcuate
Interlobular
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus (capillaries)
Efferent arterioles (at nephrons)
Peritubular capillaries  & vasa recta
Interlobar
Arcuate
Interlobular
Renal vein

Rinu Said I Am In A Great Efferent Please I Am In Renal vein

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35
Q

Blood filtrate enters the nephron but no blood cells or large proteins enter as part of filtrate. True or false?

36
Q

Renal corpuscle is the…

A

…site of filtration

37
Q

The network of capillaries at the renal corpuscle site is

A

glomerulus

38
Q

The glomerulus has afferent & efferent capillaries and venuoles. True or false?

A

False. There are no venuoules

39
Q

The glomerulus is surrounded by

A

Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

40
Q

The cells of glomerular capsule are called…

41
Q

What makes the renal corpuscle high permeable?

A

The site has fenestrations on capillaries & filtration slits within podocytes, making it highly permeable.

42
Q

Connecting to the renal corpuscle are tubules responsible for…

A

…reabsorption and secretion.

43
Q

The first tubule after the glomerulus is…

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (cortical nephron)

44
Q

The PCT is surrounded by…

A

… peritubular capillaries.

45
Q

The PCT goes into a long loop called..

A

Loop of Henle.

46
Q

The ascending limb of the PCT connects to…

A

DCT which connects to collecting tubules.

47
Q

Blood vessels in Loop of Henle are called? What is their function?

A

Vasa recta. They are involved in concentrating urine.

48
Q

The collecting tubules collect…

A

…urine from several nephrons & run into medulla where they merge with other collecting tubules to form papillary ducts that empty into minor calyces.

49
Q

Effect of dehydration on collecting tubules

A

They become more permeable & allow water to be reabsorbed, reducing urine volume & increasing its concentration.

50
Q

Which microscopic part of the neuron is responsible for ABP regulation?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

51
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus released a hormone called

A

…rennin as a response to falling BP.

52
Q

Renin causes

A

…an increase in blood solute concentration which leads to an increase blood volume and thus increased BP

53
Q

Where in the kidneys is erythropoietin produced?

A

Interstitial connective tissue

54
Q

The interstitial connective tissue are…

A

…layers of connective tissue that surround uriniferous tubules & contain cells that release hormones to influence BP & RBC production

55
Q

The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the…

A

Urinary bladder

56
Q

Length of the ureters about 10 inches long,

57
Q

The ureters runs from

A

…the renal pelvis & reaches the bladder medially on its posterior wall.

58
Q

The ureter enters the bladder at an…

A

…oblique angle to prevent back flow. Forms 2 points of trigone.

59
Q

3 layers of the ureter

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia

60
Q

Urine reaches bladder through…

A

…peristalsis. Muscle contractions seem to be guided by a reflex response.

61
Q

The muscular sac that stores urine is the…

A

Urinary bladder

62
Q

When the bladder is empty…

A

It collapses but it can I expand enough to enter into abdominal cavity

63
Q

Location of the urinary bladder in males

A

Lies anterior to rectum

64
Q

Location of the urinary bladder in females

A

Lies anterior to uterus & vagina

65
Q

Layers of the urinary bladder

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia

66
Q

The thin tube that drains urine out of the body from bladder is the…

67
Q

The urethra is longer in females than in males. True or false?

68
Q

In females, the opening of the urethra lies…

A

…posterior to clitoris & anterior to anus

69
Q

In males, the urethra opens…

A

…at tip of penis & carries both urine & semen

70
Q

Control of urine by the urethra

A

An involuntary sphincter muscle keeps urethra closed when there is no urine while a voluntary sphincter constricts urine flow until appropriate time to void.

71
Q

Urination or voiding occurs when…

A

…pressure in bladder is increased either by bladder muscle and/or abdominal muscle contraction

72
Q

Micturition is controlled by…

A

…the brain.

73
Q

How does the PNS control micturition?

A

Parasympathetic neurons stimulate contraction of muscle to induce voiding

74
Q

How does the ANS control micturition?

A

The sympathetic branch stimulates sphincter to prevent micturition.

75
Q

Disorders of the urinary system

A

Urinary tract infections

Renal Calculi or kidney stones

76
Q

Causes of UTI in women

A

It results from intercourse because it brings bacteria into urethra & spermacides kill natural living bacteria in vagina

77
Q

Causes of UTI in men

A

It can arise from long-term catheterization.

78
Q

Symptoms of UTI

A

Frequent micturition accompanied by burning sensation & fever

79
Q

Kidney stones form when…

A

… calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salt precipitate & accumulate and obstruct a ureter.

80
Q

Dehydration can cause kidney stones. True or false?

81
Q

Cancers of the urinary system

A

Bladder cancer

Kidney cancer

82
Q

Bladder cancer is 5 times more common in men than in women. True or false?

83
Q

Bladder cancer arises from…

A

… transitional epithelial cells of mucosa.

84
Q

Kidney cancer arises from…

A

epithelial cells of uriniferous tubules or renal pelvis.

85
Q

Risk factors and symptoms for bladder cancer

A

Arise from exposure to tar in tobacco smoke, chemicals, & artificial sweetners. Blood in urine is a sign of bladder cancer.

86
Q

Who is more likely to have kidney cancer?

87
Q

Risk factors for kidney cancer

A
  • obesity
  • high blood pressure
  • high protein diet

ANA2 (33 decks)

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