Textbook Flashcards Crime + Punishment
When was the murders fine introduced for filling Normans
1070
When were the forest laws passed
1072
When was William I crowned king
1066
When were coroners introduced and by who
Richard I - 1194
When did ___- reorganise the courts and try to limit ____ powers over crime and punishment
Henry II
Church’s
1150s-60s
When were justices of the peace introduced?
1327
When was the first printing press set up in England
1476
When was the first vagabonds and beggars act
1494
When was witchcraft made punishable by death and by what act?
1542 - Witchcraft Act
When was attending church made compulsory and by what act
1559
Act of uniformity
When did Henry 8th declare himself head of the C of E
1534
When were houses of correction set up in each county
1601
When did transportation to North America begin
1615
When were the Matthew Hopkins witch hunts
1645-47
When was the poor law
1601
When was the gunpowder plot
1605
When were 50 crimes punishable by death
1688
When was civil war
1642-51
When was poaching made punishable by capital punishment
1723
When did the witchcraft act define witches as confidence tricksters
1735
When was the enlightenment
1685-1815
When were the bow street runners set up and by who?
1748 - fielding brothers
When did John Howard publish the state of prisons
1777
When did transportation to Australia begin
1778
When did Elizabeth fry start visiting prisoners at Newgate
1813
When did the law list 222 crimes punishable by death
1810
When were the tolpuddle martyrs
1833
When was the met police set up
1829
Who set up the met police
Robert peel
When did Pentonville prison open
1842
When did the punishment of death act reduce the number of crimes punishable by death to 60
1832
When was Victoria crowned
1837
When were the Jack the Ripper murders
1888
When was transportation abolished
1857
When were all prisons brought under government authority
1877
When was WWI
1914-1918
When were Borstals introduced for young offenders
1900
When was conscription introduced and by what act
1916 - military service act
When was the execution of under 18s stopped
1933
When was derek Bentley educated
1953
When was the death penalty abolished for most crimes
1965
When was domestic violence made a crime and by what act
1976 - the domestic violence act
When was homosexuality decriminalised and by what act
Sexual offences act - 1967
When was racial abuse made a crime and by what act
Racial and religious hatred act - 2006
When were English kingdoms United under one king
954
When was the domesday book
1086
When were the constitutions of Clarendon
1164
When were coroners introduced
1194
When did trial by ordeal end
1215
When did the Black Death start in Britain
1348
When did Henry Tudor become Kong Henry 7th
1485
What was England’s population in 1000 approximately
2 million
What % of people lived in the countryside
90
Give 3 trends in C + P over the anglo Saxon period
Influence of the king over C+P grew
Use of punishment increased
Role of the church increased
What did the increasing power of the king translate to on a practical level in the anglo Saxon period
Penalties were decided by the king rather than local communities
What was the church’s role in cp in the anglo Saxon period
The church wanted to give criminals the opportunity to save their souls
Why were punishments increased in number and severity in the anglo Saxon period
To help boost the authority of the king
Give the 4 social levels of anglo Saxon society
King
Nobles
Freemen
Serfs
Do freemen have land or not
No
True or false: freemen and serfs have a role in making the law
False
What was the quid pro quo deal between nobles and the king
The king gave nobles land in return for their support
Crimes were actioned that threatened ___- ____
Social structure
What was the worst crime
TReason
A serf Starting a fight with a noble or treason would be classed as what type of crime
Crime against authority
Were towns growing or decreasing in importance in the anglo Saxon period
Increasing in importance
Give 3 reasons towns grew in the anglo Saxon period
Populating settling
Trade contacts with Europe
Coined money (making trade easier)
What two types of crime was there more opportunity for in towns
Crimes against the person and property
Towns provided better or worse opportunities for crime and why
Anonymity of the busy town made it easier to get away with crime
Concentration of trade meant there were lots of valuable items to steal
Who appoints shire reeves
Nobles
Who is responsible for keeping the king’s peace in their local areas
Nobles
True or false: nobles can advise and persuade the king when making new laws
True
What type of responsibility was active in small villages throughout England in the anglo Saxon period
Collective responsibility
In anglo Saxon England, Each local area had a ___ who carried out decisions made by local courts
Shire Reeve
What is an abbey
A community of monks or nuns
Several great ___ were founded in c1000
Abbeys
What kind of employment did abbeys create and why
These communities needed labourers to run buildings and supply food
What type of crime did the church have particular responsibility for stopping
Moral crimes
What punishes those who broke church laws
The church
The word shire reeve turned into what word
Sheriff
Give 3 anglo Saxon beliefs about law
Role of community in policing others’ behaviour was very important
God is the final judge of innocence or guilt
The status and position of different groups should be clear in law
Being ___ to your community was a duty in anglo Saxon law enforcement
Loyal
By what century were shires divided into smaller areas and what were these smaller areas called
The 10th century (900s) - hundreds of
Each hundred was divided into ___ tithings
10
Who counted as a man in Anglo Saxon England
Anyone over 12
In a tithing _____ was responsible for the behaviour of ______ ___
Everyone , everyone else
__ man from each hundred and __ man from each tithing had to meet regularly with the shire reeve
1, 1
What was the hue and cry
If one person shouted that a crime was occurring everyone had to help chase and capture suspects
Anglo Saxon justice relied heavily on ___ when deciding whether someone was __or ___
Religion
Guilty
Innocent
___ played an important role in proving a person’s innocence
Oaths
Give 2 reasons someone might not be given the option of swearing an oath of innocence to walk free
If they were a repeat offender
Or caught red handed
When was trial by ordeal used
In cases where there wasn’t enough evidence to prove a person was guilty
Trial by ordeal revealed ____ judgement on their guilt or innocence
God’s
Give 3 examples of trial by ordeal
Trial by hot iron, hot water and Cold Water
What was trial by hot water or hot iron
Hot water/hot iron burned the accused’s hands
Bandaged
If burn heals well = sign that God judges innocence
What was trial by cold water
Town into blessed water with arms tied
Anyone who floated = guilty
Innocent = sank
What type of thinking influenced anglo Saxon ideas about some punishments
Christian thinking
Why did the church advise maiming for minor crimes like petty theft
It gave the criminal time to seek forgiveness from God
What is petty theft
Stealing small, low value items
What does wergild translate literally to
Man price
What was the wergild system intended to do
Reduce blood feuds
Why were blood feuds bad
They created an ongoing cycle of violence - one person would kill, someone from the victim’s family would exact vengeance and kill someone from the murderer’s family
What were wergild fines decided by
Social status
How much for the death of a serf under the wergild
40 shillings
How much for the death of a prince under the wergild
1500 shillings
What two very serious crimes were punished by execution
Treason and arson
Why were treason and arson considered serious crimes
They damaged the land and property of the ruling classes
Corporal punishment acted as a ____
Deterrent
Corporal punishment was a more ___ alternative to the death penalty
Lenient
Criminals who survived corporal punishment served as ____ of the consequences of criminality for others
Reminders
What was the difference between stocks and pillory
Pillory = arms and neck
Stocks ankles
Where would the stocks or pillory be?
In the centre of the village, in public
Give 3 examples of crimes against the person
Murder
Assault
Public disorder
What was the punishment of murder
Wergild
What was the punishment for assault
Maiming
What was the punishment for public disorder
Stocks or pillory
Give 3 examples of crimes against property
Theft
Counterfeiting coins
Arson
What was the punishment for theft
Fines or maiming
What was the punishment for counterfeiting coins
Hands chopped off
What was the punishment for arson
Hanging
What were two crimes against authority
Treason
Betraying your lord
Give the punishment for crimes against authority
Hanging
Which Anglo Saxon king unified the laws of England
King Alfred the great
Give one way nobles played a part in enforcing the law
Appointed shire reeves to keep the king’s peace in their local area
When was the battle of Hastings
1066
After 1066, the power of the __- and the ____ increased
King
Church
Give 2 other names for William I
William of Normandy
William the conqueror
William I said he had been promised the throne by who
Edward the confessor - his predecessor
During the Norman period, cp became more ___
Centralised
The Norman’s used increasingly ___ punishments
Harsh
What did harsher punishments in the Norman period do
Boost the visible power and authority of the king
Give examples of 2 rebellions against William I and how he dealt with them
York and east anglia rebellions
He punished large groups of people (including those who weren’t directly involved) very harshly
To show his power
How many people died of starvation as a result of the punishments William I ordered after the York and East Anglia rebellions
100 000
Normans built lots of what
Castles
Who directly built the Norman castles
Peasant workers
What were castles designed to do in Norman England
Keep a watch on communities
Look intimidating (remind people of their place in society)
Give the 4 stages of the social system of Norman England and its name
Feudal system
King
Nobles
Knights
Serfs
How do nobles help the king with law enforcement in the Norman period
Some have castles to help control the area
They supply soldiers and horses
They also give some land to knights
What do knights do? (Norman)
Fight for the nobles and king
Do serfs own land or not
No they don’t
True or false:anglo Saxons could leave work and run away from their village
False - they couldn’t do either of those things
Describe the murdrum law
If a Norman was murdered and the murderer wasn’t captured then the murdrum fine (a large sum of money) had to be paid by the hundred where the body was found
What was the murdrum fine
A large sum of money paid by the hundred to the king
What was the idea behind the murdrum laws
Stop the increase in revenge murders against Normans
And decrease the likelihood that people would cover up for the crime of a neighbour
What was the king’s new control over the forests called
The nova foresta - new forest
How many village communities were evicted from, the forests to clear area for new hunting grounds for the king
40
Why were areas of royal forests created?
For the king to use for hunting
What was lost after the forest laws
Common land
On common land, peasants had the right to ___, _____or ____
Graze animals
Take firewood
Catch rabbits/kill animals
After the forest laws, who could hunt in the royal forests
Only those who could pay for hunting rights - or the king
When was poaching defined as a crime
With the forest laws of 1072
After the forest laws, it became ___ for ____to carry hunting weapons or take a fallen branch
Illegal
Peasants
What is poaching
Illegal hunting on land that belongs to someone else
What did ordinary people see the forest laws as
Unjust and unfair
What did people seeing the forest laws as unfair lead to
Poaching becoming a social crime
What are social crimes
Actions that are against the law but which most people don’t disapprove of or work to stop
What were the people working to enforce the forest laws called?
Foresters
What did foresters do practically?
Catching poachers and anyone who was in the forest who didn’t have permission
Give examples of punishments as a result of the forest laws
Hanging, castration, blinding
Punishments for breaking the forest laws were ___
Harsh
Any man aged __and over in the anglo Saxon and Norman periods who tries to avoid trial/punishment by running away from the community was declared an ____
Outlaw
What was the name for a woman who tried to evade trial/punishment
She was Waived
If one was declared an outlaw or ‘waived’ then you lost the protection of the ____
Law
What did not having the protection of the law mean in medieval period
You could be killed without any legal consequences for the murderer
When did Robin Hood appear in literature
Late 1300s
Where is Robin Hood set
The forests of Norman England
What does Robin Hood tell us about the public view of the Normans
It tells us the public didn’t like them
As the outlaws are brave and heroic and go against the Norman law
Give an example of a gang of outlaws in England in the 1300s
The Folville gang
How many people were in the Folville gang?
50
What kind of crimes did the Folville gang commit
Kidnaps, robberies, rapes
Explain why the Norman’s made changes to crimes and punishments after the Norman conquest
You may use the forest laws and the murdrum fine 12 marks
PLAN THIS ESSAY AND WRITE IT
Give one change to the wergild from anglo Saxon to Norman England
Wergild now paid to the king and his officials instead of victims of crime and their families
Change to who the wergild was paid to in the Norman period was an example of what
The increasing centralisation of law enforcement + increasing authority of the king
What was the small change from kings peace to the kings ___from anglo Saxon to Norman England
Kings mund
What did the kings mund show
The authority of the king was extended - the law should allow people to live peacefully under the authority of the king
This shows some continuity from the king’s peace but a small change in the extent of the kings authority
In the Norman period there was an increase in the number of crimes punishable by _____ or _____
Death or mutilation
Under the forest laws, poaching became punishable by ____
Death
Give 2 examples of Corporal punishment which were an alternative to the death penalty for poaching in the Norman period in some cases
Branding or chopping off a body part
Give the 2 main changes from anglo Saxon to Norman systems of cp
Fines paid to king not victims of crime
Poaching is a new crime
What was the punishment for slander in the medieval period
Tongue cut out
Give 3 crimes punishable by death in the Norman period
Poaching in the nova foresta, murder, rebellion
What new form of trial by ordeal did the Normans introduce
Trial by combat
When was trial by combat used
To settle dispute over larger sums of money or land
Who used trial by combat
Wealthier people - it was seen as a more dignified option than other trials
What happened in trial by ordeal
People fought using swords or large sticks - they fought to the death or one gave in
Anyone who gave in was put to death
What two methods of community law enforcement continued into the Norman period
Tithings and hue and cry
In the Norman period most people still lived in ____ ____
Small villages
What was the change of social structures anglo Saxon to Norman England
King, nobles, freemen, serfs to
Fuedal system
King, nobles, knights, serfs
Henry II created a more ____ legal system
Centralised
When did Henry II become king
1154
When did Henry II reorganise the courts
1166
When did Henry II set up prisons for those accused and waiting for trial
1166
What was the Assize of Clarendon
1166 - Henry II reorganised the courts and set up prisons for those awaiting trial
What were royal judges also known as
Justices in Eyre
What did Henry II order royal judges to do
Visit each county twice a year to hear the most serious criminal cases
What did Henry’s orders to the Justices of the Eyre to visit counties twice a year to hear most serious crimes do for the role of the king in legal matters and the extent to which the court system was centralised
It increased the role of the king in legal matters
The court system became more centralised
What did Henry II do to standardise the actions of local sheriffs
He issued written instructions to local sheriffs - making the whole cp system more uniform across the country
What was the population of London in the 1200s and 1300s
30 000
The growth of ___ in the 1300s-1400s led to more opportunities for ___
Towns
Crime
Due to urbanisation, there was a shift away from ____ dealing with crimes in their area towards a more ___system where crime was dealt with by ____ ____
Local communities
Centralised
Government officials
Local officials known as ____ in teh Saxon period became known as ___ in the later Middle Ages
Tythingmen - constables
Manor courts had been used since anglo Saxon times true or false
True
Anglo Saxon methods of law enforcement and punishment were continued at a ___- level for less ___- crimes
Local - serious
Centralisation led to increasing _____ in law enforcement across many areas
Uniformity
What did parliament mean in the 1200s
A gathering of powerful individuals who met with the king to discuss and introduce new laws
Give 2 new laws which created crimes, passed by parliament in the later Middle Ages
Statute of labourers
Heresy laws
What did the statute of labourers do
Made it a crime to ask for higher wages
What did new heresy laws do in the later medieval period
Made disagreeing with the teachings of the church a crime
What fraction of the population of England died of the plague
1/3
Why was the statute of labourers introduced
Wealthy people were worried about peasants demanding higher wages as fewer people were available to work after the Black Death
When was the statute of labourers passed as a law
1351
What did the statute of labourers specifically make illegal
Introduced a maximum wage for workers and criminalised asking for more money
Made it illegal to move to a new area to look for better paid work
How is the statute of labourers an example of continuity from the Norman to later medieval periods
Ruling classes still protecting their own interests at the expense of peasants - eg the Forest Laws
How is the statute of labourers an example of Change in the later medieval period compared to the Norman period
Role of parliament in law making was growing - the act was passed by parliament as well as the king
What did the 1401 heresy law say
Burning at the stake was a punishment for heresy
Why was burning at the stake a punishment for heresy in 1401
It symbolised purifying a corrupt soul
Acted as a deterrent to others
What did the heresy law of 1414 do
Gave justice so the peace powers to arrest suspected heretics
What does the 1414 heresy law show the collaboration between
Government officials and church authorities
How would an investigation into an accused heretic be carried out
Justices of the peace would deliver the accused to the church for trial
The church would put them on trial
If guilty they were taken back to secular authorities for the appropriate punishment
What is heresy
Holding a set of beliefs different to those of the established religion of the time
Give one change to the practice of the hue and cry in the later medieval period
Towns subdivided into new areas called wards as part of the system
Give 2 new roles which were introduced into cp in the later medieval period
Coroners
Justice of the peace
When were coroners introduced and by who
Richard I
1194
What were coroners for
To deal with suspicious deaths without obvious natural explanation
Who appointed knights to keep the kings peace in unruly areas and when
Richard I 1195
When was the role of knight for keeping law and order in unruly areas extended to all areas
1327
When did knights responsible for overseeing law and order become known as justices of the peace
1361
How many times a year did JPs meet to enforce the law and carry out magistrate duties
4
Who were justices of the peace appointed by
The king
What did the introduction of justices of the peace mark as a trend for cp
The shift to central government controlling cp
Why were JPs chosen
Based on wealth and status
JPs were particularly harsh on ____- because most were local ____
Poachers
Landowners
What new punishment was introduced for the crime of high treason
Hanged, drawn and quartered
What is high treason
Plotting to kill or betray the king
After death the limbs of the perpetrator of _____ would be displayed in different areas of the country
High treason
In the later medieval period, ___ law enforcement continues alongside increasingly ____systems for upholding the law
Community
Centralised
The clergy were the most ____ members of a community
Educated
Churches were a reminder of the power of __and hence the ___
God
King
What fraction of the country’s wealth did the church own
1/5
What fraction of all earnings were collected as part of church taxes
1/10
When were English Jews forced to convert to Christianity or face banishment
1290s
What was a special trial by ordeal for priests
Trial by consecrated bread/trial by sacrament
How cool you tell if someone was guilty from trial by consecrated bread
If a priest choked on consecrated bread he was a sinner and hence guilty
When was trial by ordeal abolished
1215
Who decided to end trial by ordeal
The pope - crucially not the king
What replaced trial by ordeal
Trial by jury
How many men made up the jury in trial by jury in the later medial period
12
What did church courts deal with and when were they set up
Moral crimes - in the Norman period
What principle did the church courts work on
Punishments should offer criminals the opportunity for reform to save their souls
They shouldn’t be solely retributive
Maiming was better than execution as it gave the opportunity for reform
Who tried to limit the power of the church and when
Henry II - late 1100s
Why was Henry II concerned about the power of the church in cp
Separate church courts undermined his authority as king and undermined the standardised cp system he wanted to create
What was the council of Clarendon
A meeting between the king and bishops about the relationship between legal systems of the church vs the king
What was the constitutions of Clarendon
A statement of the relationship between the church laws and kings laws
What was benefit of clergy
Senior church officials should only be tried in church courts
Church courts were more _____, they rarely used the ____ ___ as a sentence
Lenient
Death penalty
Give 3 lenient punishments given by church courts
Pilgrimage
Confession
Apology at mass
What psalm was the test for whether you were clergy or not
Psalm 51
What did criminals do to gain benefit of clergy
Memorise psalm 51
What did psalm 51 become known as and why
The neck verse
As it could save your neck from hanging
What could some churches offer to people accused of crimes
Sanctuary
What churches could offer sanctuary
Churches on a pilgrimage route or linked with an important religious event
If clergy agreed, the accused was allowed to swear an oath to _________-_________ within __days as part of benefit of sanctuary
Leave the country
Anyone who didn’t leave the country within ___days after getting benefit of sanctuary would become _____
An outlaw
Who decided whether benefit of sanctuary would be given
Clergy
True or false: if someone came to a church asking for benefit of sanctuary the clergy didn’t report the crime
False - they did report the crime in the usual way
When did offering benefit of sanctuary end
1536 - during the reign of Henry 8t
Explain why trial by ordeal was used 1000-1200
Use trial by hot iron, church courts - 12 marker
Write this 12 marker!!
When did Luther write his book outlining Protestantism
1517
Who started Protestantism and what counrty was he from
Martin Luther - Germany
What did Protestants believe
The Catholic Church needed reform
What was the movement towards Protestantism away from Catholicism also known as
The reformation
What were the two most important crimes in the early modern period
Heresy and treason
Heretics were committing a crime against ____ and were ____ as they could persuade others to follow their false beliefs
God
Dangerous
What was treason in the emp?
A challenge to the authority of the ruler
Why did heresy and treason become connected?
All monarchs after Henry 8th were head of the state and the Church of England
Therefore anyone who went against one aspect of the monarch’s authority (church or state) was challenging the other aspect of their authority at the same time
During what years did Henry 8th rule
1509-47
What religion was Henry 8th
Catholic
When did Henry declare himself head of the Church of England
1534
What groups were punished during Henry 8th’s reign
Protestants and Catholics
Why were Protestants executed during the reign of Henry 8th
Heresy (as Henry was Catholic)
Why were Catholics executed in Henry 8th’s reign
Treason as they wouldn’t take the oath of supremacy acknowledging Henry as the head of the Church of England
What was the name of the oath that people had to take promising loyalty to Henry 8th as head of the c of e
Oath of supremacy
What religion was Edward 6th
Protestant
During what years did Edward 6th rule
1547-53
Give 3 actions reforming the church which Edward 6th carried out when he became king
Introduced a prayer book written in English
Allowed priests to marry
Made church interiors plainer
What people were executed by Edward 6th
Some Catholic bishops - for heresy
What religion was Mary I
Catholic
During what period did Mary I rule
1553-58
Who was the husband of Mary I
The Spanish king Philip II
What did Mary I do to reform the church during her reign
Made the pope head of the c of e
How many people were executed as heretics for not being ____ during the reign of Mary I
Almost 300
Catholics
What was the punishment for heresy in the emp
Burning at the stake
How many people specifically did Mary I execute for heresy
283
How many people did Henry 8th execute for heresy
81
How many people did Edward 6th execute for heresy
2
How many people did Elizabeth execute for heresy
5
What religion was Elizabeth I
Protestant
During what period did Elizabeth I rule
1558-1603
Elizabeth I tried to find a ___ ___in religion
Middle way
When did Elizabeth I pass two acts about religion
1559
What were the two acts about the church which Elizabeth passed
Act of uniformity
Act of supremacy
What did the act of uniformity say
Everyone had to go to church on Sundays and holy days
Or they would pay a fine
What were people who didn’t go t0 church on Sundays or holy days (disobeying the act of uniformity) called
Recusants
What did the act of supremacy by Elizabeth I in 1559 do
Reintroduced the oath of supremacy
The act of supremacy made what a crime
Not taking the oath of supremacy
When did the pope excommunicate Elizabeth
1570
When was there a Catholic rebellion in the north of England during Elizabeth I’s reign
1569
What religion was James I
Protestant
Between what years was James I king
1603-25
What event changed James I’s attitude to Catholics and when was it
The gunpower plot 1605
Give an example of an anti Catholic law from James I
1605 popish recusants act forces Catholics to swear loyalty to the king and pay heavy fines for not attending church
What did the 1605 popish recusants act say
Forced Catholics to swear loyalty to the king and
Pay heavy fines for not attending church
What does excommunicate mean
Eject from the Catholic Church
What was another option for you instead of being burned at the stake if you were accused of heresy
You could recant and carry out a public ceremony
Carry wooden sticks to the place they would have been burnt
These sticks were burnt symbolically
What does recant mean
Making a public statement that you have changed your religious beliefs
What was Mary I also known as
Bloody Mary
What book described Mary I as Bloody Mary and who was it written by and when
The book of martyrs John fox 1563
What was one reason Mary I’s attitude to heresy so harsh
She was influenced by her Spanish husbands harsh treatment of Protestants (such as in the Spanish Inquisition which punished Protestants with torture)
More than ___protestant clergy were forced to flee abroad during Mary I’s reign
800
When was the first vagabonds and beggars act in the emp
1494
When was the first witchcraft act in the emp
1542
What was the name of the act in 1542
The witchcraft act
What act was passed in 1547
Vagrancy act
When was the second vagrancy act of the emp
1547
What was the act of 1563
Act against conjugations, enchantments and witchcraft
What happened to Anne askew
She was a Protestant who was tortured on the rack in the Tower of London and forced to give the names of powerful Protestant associates
Burned at the stake for heresy in 1546
What was the 1597 act
Act for the relief of the poor
What did the 1597 act for the relief of the poor do
Classified people as deserving of help or not
What law was passed in 1601
The poor law
When was the poor law
16-1
What did the 1601 poor law do
Set up parish based administration for organising poor relief
Houses of correction set up in each county to detain offenders
What law was passed in 1671
Game act
When was the game act passed
1671
Give 3 reasons for urbanisation after 1500
Growing population
Falling wages
Rising food prices
Give the common view of why vagabonds were in such a position of poverty
They had brought their troubles upon themselves
They were lazy
A 16th century pamphlet about the dangers of beggars listed 4 types of beggar: what were the 4 types
Those pretending to be deaf or mute
Thieves using trade as a cover story
Horse thieves
Girl beggars
What were girl beggars called
Kinchin morts
What were those beggars pretending to be deaf or mute called
Dummerers
What were thieves using trade as a cover story called
Drunken tinkers
What were horse thieves beggars called
Priggers of prancers
What did the 1494 vagabonds and beggars act say
Vagabonds are put in stocks and sent back to their place of birth
What did the vagrancy act of 1547 say
An able bodied vagabond was to be branded with the letter V and sold as a slave for 2 years
After how many years was the vagrancy act of 1547 withdrawn
3
What did the 1597 act for the relief of the poor include as punishments for vagrants
Whipping and burning the ear using a hot iron
Who was included in the deserving poor
The elderly and disabled
Who comprised the undeserving poor
People fit to work who weren’t working
Who were houses of correction for
The undeserving poor - they were places where they would be forced to work
What were the undeserving poor also known as
Sturdy beggars
The 1601 poor laws provided poor relief to what group
The deserving poor
After Henry 8th closed the monasteries there was nowhere for ____ people to turn
Poor
In what decade did Henry 8th close the monasteries
1530s
In the emp, most people believed in the existence of ______
Witchcraft
Why did punishments for witchcraft get harsher from the later medieval to the emp
Accusations of witchcraft were taken to ordinary courts instead of more lenient church courts
What was enclosure
Large areas of land which labourers had rented for agriculture or used to access firewood/wild food were enclosed by landowners
This land was used to graze sheep as wool prices were high at the time
What did enclosure encourage
Urbanisation
After enclosure people continued to try and hunt in enclosed land but the ___ Game Act made this illegal (give a date)
1671
In the emp (specifically around the 1600s when enclosure was happening), poaching was a ___crime
Social
In the 1600s, the government introduced a group of ____ duties which made luxury goods more expensive
Import
The increase of import duties in the 1600s led to an increase in _____
Smuggling
Smuggling was a ____ crime which made it difficult to _____
Social
Enforce
When did Oliver Cromwell become Lord protector
1653
During Puritan rule in the ______ (give a decade), new ___ laws were introduced
1650s
Moral
What was the Puritan rule of England known as
The protectorate
Give 3 things banned during the protectorate
Sports on Sunday
Drinking alcohol and excessive eating
Games and feasting on Christmas - it should be spent reading the Bible and thinking about Jesus’ birthday
Oliver Cromwell led the ____ forces
Parliamentary
What title did Oliver Cromwell get
Lord protector
When did Oliver Cromwell’s reign end and why
He died
1658
The protectorate’s moral crimes showed what
How the government can have a central role in classifying crimes
When was the monarchy restored 1660
When was the decriminalisation of recusancy
1650
What laws were repealed in 1650
The laws that people must go to church or face a fine (recusancy laws)
During the emp what method of community law enforcement remained
Hue and cry
What 2 methods of law enforcement were expanded in the emp
Town constables
Night watchmen
What is classified as the emp
1500-1700
What was a new method of law enforcement in the emp
Thief takers
What was the population of England 1500
2.5 million
What was the population of England by 1700
5-6 million
What was the population of London 1700
50 000
Give 2 cities other than London that grew in the emp
Liverpool and Bristol
Give 1 crime that was more common in towns due to anonymity
Fraud
Give one crime that was more common in towns than villages due to the abundance of valuable goods
Theft
Urbanisation caused an increase in crime due to increasing levels of________
Poverty
Inequality in towns, while people were living in close proximity was an incentive for ____
Crime
Why did the role of town constables and night watchmen grow in the emp
Increasing crime rates in towns
In the emp, law enforcement was still _____ and not _____
Local
National
During what period of time did the night watchman patrol
10pm to dawn
The night watchman’s work is overseen by who
The town constable
Give 2 items the night watchman uses
A lamp
Rings a bell at night to warn people to go home or risk being viewed as criminals
Are watchmen paid or unpaid
Unpaid
Is night watchman a full time profession
No, watchmen do their normal jobs during the day
Who was expected to serve as a night watchman at some point
All male householders
Who is the town constable employed by
Town authorities
Who was the town Constable chosen by and why
Wealthy merchants in the area whose businesses would benefit from better law enforcement
Town constables can do what to suspects without a warrant from a JP
Arrest suspects
Give 5 activities of the town Constable
Stopping suspected criminals
Break up fights
Round up sturdy beggars
Collecting payments for road cleaning (local administrative issues)
Turning in serious criminals to courts
How effective were constables and watchmen at stopping crime
Not very effective
What was a thief taker
Someone who was paid directly by a victim to catch a criminal and deliver them to the law
Who was the most infamous thieftaker
Jonathan wild
When did Jonathan wild take the title thief taker general
1718
When was Jonathan wild executed
1725
Was Jonathan wild a genuine thief taker and criminal catcher
No, he was leader of a gang of criminals who handed in other criminals he didn’t like and stole goods then handed them in again for money
In the early 1500s, criminals held what groups of people (give 3)
Petty criminals, drunk people, vagrants
In the early 1500s, was prison a punishment or not
No - its was a holding area for people while they waited for their trials
When were houses of correction introduced
1556
What was another name for a house of correction
Bridewell prison
In the early 1500s, prisoners had to pay ____ for food and bedding
Wardens
Many prisoners died of diseases like____ in the early 1500s
Typhus
What were bridewells used for (give 2 things)
Punishing vagabonds, housing orphans
What did inmates spend their time doing in bridewells
Hard labour - such as breaking up rocks
During what period did the number of crimes carrying the death penalty increase
1600s
How many capital crimes were there by 1688
50
There were 50 capital crimes in what year
1688
What was the name of the period in which lots of crimes were punished with the death penalty
Bloody code
What was the aim of the bloody code
Create a strong deterrent for crime to reduce it
Give 2 reasons the aim of the bloody code at reducing crime was not realised
Many crimes were committed out of desperation
Criminals often received a pardon as the punishments were so severe
What was plead for belly
Pregnant women could be allowed to live until after the birth of their child
How did many women escape hanging during the bloody code
Plead for belly
During whose reign was transportation introduced as a punishment
James I
During the reign of James I, where did people who received the sentence of transportation taken to
Colonies on the east coast of north amercia
What was the equivalent sentence from execution to x years transportation
14 years
Lesser crimes warranted a ___ year sentence of transportation
7
After the sentence of their transportation had elapsed - did many people get home and why /why not?
No
They had no money to pay for their return journey
Give 4 reasons transportation was introduced and then used allot
It was an effective deterrent
England didn’t have an effective prison system
England wanted to make permanent colonies in North America - convicts could populate these colonies
People started to believe in rehabilitation and reform, that people could be given a second chance, and the new scene might help people make a new start
Around how many people were transported to America up to 1770
Between 50 000 and 80 000
What were transported homeless children called
Duty boys (even though around 1/4 were girls)
In the period 1500-1700, the main aim of changes to punishments was retribution. How far do you agree? Use the bloody code, transportation to America 16 marks
Write this essay or just plan it
What act says the events of 5th November should be commemorated each year
Thanksgiving act
When were guy Fawkes and others executed
1606
What act when forces Catholics to swear allegiance to the English crown
Popish recusants act
1606
What punishment did guy Fawkes suffer
Hanged, drawn and quartered
How many years did Elizabeth rule for
45 years
When was Mary queen of Scot’s executed
1587
Who was the leader of the gunpowder plot
Robert Catesby
Give 3 names of the gunpowder plot members
Guy Fawkes, Robert catesby, Thomas Percy
What was Thomas Percy’s position
A royal bodyguard
Who recruited the other gunpowder plotters
Robert catesby
What event was taking place on the 5th of November which the plotters hoped to blow up
The state opening of parliament
Give 3 important groups who would be present at the state opening of parliament on 5th November
Senior judges, Protestant bishops, members of the aristocracy (and of course the king)
Who did the gunpowder plotters hope would succeed James I to the throne
Princess Elizabeth (NOT ELIZABETH I)
Why did the gunpowder plotters want princess Elizabeth on the throne
They thought they could influence her towards their own political aims
Why were Catholics angry around 1605
They had been prevented from practising their own faith, forced to attend Protestant churches by the acts of uniformity and supremacy made by Elizabeth I
When did the gunpowder conspirators first meet
20 may 1604
How many barrels of gunpowder did the gunpowder plotters get their hands on
36 barrels - one ton of gunpowder
When did Lord monteagle receive a letter warning not to attend the state opening of parliament
20 October 1605
Who received a letter , warning him not to attend the state opening of parliament, on 20 October 1605
Lord monteagle
Who did monteagle pass on the message that he had been told not to come to the state opening of parliament to
Robert Cecil
What was the title of Robert Cecil
Spymaster general
What do some historians believe about the gunpowder plot
That the authorities knew about the plot early on, but let it proceed so that Catholic rebellion could be demonstrated
This would justify further Catholic persecution
Who ordered that Westminster should be searched after the letter to lord monteagle
Robert Cecil
Torture was only legal in England if ____gave specific orders to use it in _____ circumstances
The king
Exceptional
What method of torture were guy Fawkes and co subjected to
The rack
What did the rack torture do
Forced the body apart at the joints by stretching it
How many days after his arrest did guy Fawkes confess to the plot and give up the names of his conspirators
12 days
When was guy Fawkes arrested
5th November
When was the state opening of parliament 1605
5th November
When did the trial of the gunpowder plotters begin
January 1606
What were the gunpowder conspirators found guilty of
Treason
What was the process of being hanged, drawn and quartered
Hanged, revived, emasculated, disembowelled and insides burnt, limbs and head chopped off
What book written by James after the uncovering of the gunpowder plot encouraged anti Catholic attitudes
Kings book
The thanksgiving act banned Catholics from what two jobs
Legal professions
Being officers in the armed forces
When was the thanksgiving act
1605
When was the popish recusants act
1606
What did the popish recusants act force Catholics to do
Take the oath of allegiance to the English crown
Catholics were banned from voting in any elections until ____
1829
Why did Catholics think that James I would give Catholics more freedom
He was married to a Catholic
Over time, it became clear that James I would be ____ on Catholics
Strict/harsh
What did people think witches had done for their power
Made a pact with the devil
Give one possible power of a witch
Making people or farm animals sick/die
Give 3 possible animals which could be a witches familiar
Cat, dog, spider
What was a familiar
The devil in the shape of an animal
Which helped the witch do her evil deeds
1542 turned witchcraft into a ____ crime
Serious
Who changed the law to make witchcraft a serious crime in 1542
Henry 8th
Who introduced the death penalty for witches who tried to raise dead spirits or tried to kill someone
Elizabeth I
When did Elizabeth change the law some that if a witch tried to kill someone by Witchery or raise dead spirits they would receive the death penalty
1563
Give 3 reasons witchcraft was punished more severely in the mid to late 1500s
Economic problems
Fear of vagabonds
Unification of church and state
What economic problems were there in the late 1500s
Falling wages
Rising unemployment
Fear of vagabonds made ___ people suspicious of ____ people. Many accusations of witchcraft were made by ___ people against ___ people
Rich
Poor
Rich
Poor
What did the 1542 witchcraft act do
Made witchcraft punishable by death
What was the name of the act passed in 1563 about witchcraft by Elizabeth I
Act against conjugations, enchantments, and witchcraft
Give 2 changes made by the 1563 act against conjugations, enchantments and witchcraft
Witchcraft tried in common court (not church court) - death penalty if harm caused to another person
Minor witchcraft punished with stocks
Penalties for witchcraft in the common court were more ___ compared to the church court
Severe
What counted as minor witchcraft according to the 1563 act about witchcraft
Using charms and magic
What act did James I pass about witchcraft in 1604 - give the name
Witchcraft and conjuration act
What did the witchcraft and conjuration act state
Death penalty given to anyone summoning evil spirits
When were witches defined as confidence tricksters
1735
What was the name of the act about witchcraft in 1735
Witchcraft act
What did the 1735 witchcraft act punish witchcraft with
Fines and imprisonment
When Protestantism became popular, people increasingly ____ Catholicism. This led to attempts to ____ society by finding witches
Feared
Cleanse
Who wrote demonologie
James I
When was demonology published 1597
What did James I argue that witchcraft was a crime against in demonology
The king and God
When did the English civil wars begin
1642
The civil war created an environment of ____ and fear in which people were more inclined to believe in _____
Suspicion
Witchcraft
What was the title of Matthew Hopkins
Witchfinder general
When did Matthew Hopkins start his activities
1645
True or false: Matthew Hopkins was employed to uncover witchery
True
Who was Matthew Hopkins employed by
A justice of the peace in Essex
Where did Matthew Hopkins operate
Essex
What was the main religion in Essex
Puritanism
There were significant ___ rewards for people accusing witches
Financial
Local magistrates could pay the equivalent of a ____ wages for each accused witch (Matthew Hopkins case study)
Month’s
Give 2 methods of Hopkins’ torture of women accused of witches to get confessions out of them
Restricting the accused to a starvation diet of water and bread
Sleep deprivation
Give 2 things which could be used as evidence of guilt of witchcraft
Mole, birthmark
How did Hopkins ensure he always had more witches to try
In the confession he extracted out of them he forced the women to name other witches
True or false: the sink or swim test was used to judge guilt of witchcraft
False - it wasn’t required by authorities and not used by Hopkins
How many people (approximately) were executed for witchcraft between 1542 and 1736
1000
What was the most common type of execution for witches
Hanging
What environment provided the perfect background to Matthew Hopkins’ witch-hunts
The civil war
How many accusations of witchcraft did Hopkins give in Sudbury alone
117
Hopkins accused ___ people of witchcraft in ___ alone
117
Sudbury
Hopkins accused 117 people of witchcraft in ___ alone
Sudbury
What % of witchcraft accusations were made against females
90%
Women were expected to be super sporty and cool/domestic and women were viewed as the equal/property of their husbands and fathers
Domestic
Property
Many women accused of witchcraft were ‘____ women’
Wise
What did wise women do in their communities
Helped with pregnancy and childbirth and advised on health
Who went to wise women and why
Poor people as they couldn’t afford to see doctors
Why did authorities dislike wise women
They had a respected, independent position in society
Give 2 easy targets for witch hunters
Widowers or people who had never married
The story of eve in the Bible also contributed to an increase/decrease in accusations of witchcraft against women
Increase
How did Matthew Hopkins die and when
Tuberculosis in 1647
When did the ideas of the enlightenment start bubbling up
Mid to Late 1600s
When was the Royal Society established
1660
What did enlightenment ideas encourage
A more scientific and object approach in all areas of life
When did King Charles II demonstrate official support for the Royal Society
1662
What did the king awarding the Royal Society a charter mean
It demonstrates official royal support for its aims
Give two impacts of the enlightenment on c + p
Demanded higher standards of evidence in court
Led to a more rational approach to witchcraft - it was seen as a superstitious idea rather than a crime
What communities still continued to believe in witchcraft during the enlightenment
Isolated Rural communities
When was the last recorded execution for witchcraft
1716
When did prosecutions for witchcraft peak
1650
The most important factor in explaining witch hunts in the years 1500 -1700 was religion
Use demonologie, English civil war in your answer (16 marks)
Write this essay or plan it
When were mounted customs officers introduced
1690
When was excise duty extended to salt, leather and soap
1690s
When was the last known execution for witchcraft
1716
When was the black act
1723
What was the act passed in 1723 about poaching
Th black act
What did the 1723 black act do
Made poaching game or damaging a forest a capital crime
What is the industrial period
1700-1900
When was large scale smuggling reduced
1850
Why was large scale smuggling reduced
1850
Give an example of a large smuggler gang
The hawkhurst gang
When did the hawkhurst gang operate
1735-49
Who was 0ne leader of the hawkhurst gang
Arthur Gray
When was Arthur gray caught and hanged
1748
Who was the other leader of the hawkhurst gang
Thomas kingsmill
When was Thomas kingsmill caught and hanged
1749
Smuggling was a ___crime in the industrial period
Social
Why was smuggling a social crime
People benefitted from it - it brought them cheaper goods and luxury goods which were often unaffordable/inaccessible
Members of the upper classes bought ____ luxury goods from smugglers and so concealed the activities of smuggling gangs
Cheaper
Why was it hard to police smuggling practically (other than it was a social crime)
Coastline very long and hard to police
Smugglers worked at night
Secluded coves could be found to bring goods ashore in secret
Who reduced import duties in the 1780s
William Pitt PM
Why did smuggling eventually stop
It was less profitable
What was the crime of highway robbery
Threatening/attacking travellers
Forcing them to hand over their valuable possessions
Give 3 reasons Highway robbery became more common in the 1700s
Trade increased - more goods and money around but not many banks - many people carried large sums in cash
Countryside less populated, many isolated country roads providing opportunities for crime
Roads improved leading to more travel - more stagecoaches meaning more people on the roads
Highway robbers who operated on foot were known as
Footpads
Highway robbers who travelled on horseback were called ?
Highwaymen
When was there a law trying to clamp down on the activities of highwaymen
1772
Give 3 reasons Highway robbery was treated as a serious crime
Disrupted travel between trains
Crime was committed on the king’s highway
It could involve the theft of mail bags - disrupting postal service
When was the death penalty introduced for anyone armed and in disguise on a high road
1772
After ___ highway robbery became less common
1815
When was the last reported case of highway robbery
1831
What were 2 important factors contributing to the decrease in highway robbery
The use of mounted patrols on roads in the 1800s
The growth of banks
When did thousands of people line the street to see Jack shepherd be taken to his execution
1724
True or false: people actually liked and admired Highway robbers
True
Shepherd was so popular that after he died, authorities banned any ____ that included his ___ in the ____
Plays name title
Why did the problem of highway robbery increase and decrease in the period 1700-1900
You may use increased wealth + death penalty
12 marks
Write this essay
1723 act made poaching punishable with the ____ penalty + made it illegal to ______ your face
Death
Blacken (as a disguise)
Under the 1723 black act, carrying snares or owning dogs that could be used or poaching could be punished by _____ or _____
Fines
Prison
Only landowners with land worth over _____ a year were allowed to hunt without restriction
£100
The 1723 black act was heavily loved/resented
Resented
When was the black act repealed
1823
When the black act was repealed was poaching still illegal or not
And was there still capital punishment
Yes it was still illegal
No there was no capital punishment
When was witchcraft decriminalised
1736
When witchcraft was decriminalised what were witches described as
Confidence tricksters - with no magical properties
When was the French Revolution
1789
When was George loveless arrested
February 1834
In what village was George loveless arrested
Tolpuddle - in Dorset
How many tolpuddle martyrs were there
6
Name 3 of the tolpuddle martyrs
George loveless
James loveless (brothers)
James Hammett
Under what law were the tolpuddle martyrs sentenced
‘Administering an illegal oath’ (an old naval law)
What was the real motive for arresting the tolpuddle martyrs
Political - they didn’t like the formation of a proto trade union
What had the tolpuddle martyrs formed - give the name they used and the one we would use
They used - a ‘friendly society’
We would use - trade Union
What had the tolpuddle martyrs sworn to do
Protect their wages and help each other - protesting about their low wages
What were the wages of the tolpuddle martyrs
6 shillings a week
What was the average wage for a farm labourer at the time of the tolpuddle martyrs
10 shillings per week
What were the tolpuddle martyrs sentenced to
7 years transportation to Australia
The sentence for the tolpuddle martyrs was the most ___ available
Extreme
How many people attended a protest in London against the treatment of the tolpuddle martyrs
100 000
How many people signed a petition to reverse the harsh punishment of the tolpuddle martyrs which was given to parliament
200 000
Who refused to accept the petition trying to save the tolpuddle martyrs
The Home Secretary Lord Melbourne
Lord Melbourne was in what position when he was presented with a petition asking for the tolpuddle martyrs to be saved from transportation
Home Secretary
How many years after the tolpuddle martyrs were sentenced to Australia did the government pardon and release them
4 years
True or false: the tolpuddle martyrs received a hero’s welcome when they returned home
True
The case of the tolpuddle martyrs showed how ____ could influence what was a crime and how authorities _____ people
Public opinion
Punished
When did stealing more than 40 shillings become a capital offence
1713
In 1713, stealing more than ___ shillings was a capital offence
40
When was transportation to Australia introduced
1778
When were 222 crimes capital offences
1810
How many crimes were capital offences in 1810
222
When was the last hanging under the black act
1814
When was the last hanging for shoplifting
1822
When was the judgement of death act
1823
What act was passed in 1823
Judgement of death act
What did the 1823 judgement of death act do
Gave judges power to reduce death penalty to transportation or imprisonment - apart from treason or murder
What two crimes could the judgment of death act not reduce the sentence from capital punishment for
Treason and murder
When was the number of capital crimes reduced to 60
1832
What act reduced the number of capital crimes to 60 and when
1832 punishment of death act
When did the national prison department take control of the prison system
1850
When was public execution ended
1868
What act ended public execution
Capital punishment amendment act
When did Holloway prison for women open
1902
What opens in 1902
Holloway prison for women
In 1688 how many crimes carried the death penalty
50
By the mid 1800s, people were less enthusiastic about _____. They preferred _____ and ____
The bloody code
Transportation and prison
Give 4 reasons for number of crimes punishable by death decreasing
Death penalty sen as inhumane
Hanging not seen as an effective deterrent
Alternative punishments such as transportation are available
People think criminals should have the chance to reform
Around ____ people were transported to Australia.
160 000
What fraction of people transported to Australia were women
1/6
Give 2 advantages of transportation
Britain’s prisons were not designed to hold the large numbers of criminals being convicted - transportation was an alternative to building new prisons
Prisons would help populate the new colony and secure Britain’s ownership of it
what was the first step of a convicts journey in transportation
waiting in a prison or on a hulk
what is a hulk
disused ship which was used as a floating prison
on hulks prisoners were kept in what
chains
the journey by sea to Australia could take how long
3 months
when the sentence of 7 years transportation was up why didn’t most convicts return home
they couldn’t afford it
why was transportation used as a punishment 1800-1850 (American colonies, convict labourers) - 12 marker
answer the question
when did transportation to Australia officially end
1868
give 2 reasons Australians didn’t like transportation
many argued the ex convicts were responsible for high crime rates in some Australian towns
people said they took jobs away from others and brought wages down
give 4 reasons people in Britain wanted an end to transportation
some said conditions on transport ships were inhumane
some said transportation was too lenient
australia was becoming a desirable place to settle - lost value as a deterrent
people thought it was too expensive
more prisons in Britain so less need
what idea about the aim of punishment was the bloody code based on
harsh punishments deterred criminals and retributive justice was important
public executions were meant to be _____ but explain the atmosphere at public executions
deterrents
carnival like - special train services to bring people to watch it - some people got the day off for it - festive - local markets got extra money from the large crowds
reformers argued that public execution was____and those condemned to death should have more ___
inhumane
dignity
when were public executions stopped
1868
___and ___were stopped in the same year
transportation to australia
public execution
give 3 reasons public execution was stopped
people treated it as a spectacle rather than a solemn occasion + crowds were often drunk
the large crowds provided opportunity for more crimes like pick pocketing
sometimes crowds treated the condemned criminal like a criminal
before the ____s prisons were used for what
1700s - holding prisoners before trial or while awaiting execution
during ___and ___the use of prisons grew
1700s + 1800s
prison was seen as a chance for ____for convicts and as a ___for the public and that it should involve ____work to pay back ___and it made things ___for everyone else by removing criminals
reform
deterrent
hard
society
safer
give a common form of hard labour in prisons
the treadwheel
how many minutes was each shift at the treadmill
10 minutes
how many hours a day were prisoners on the treadwheel
8 hours
what was the treadwheel used for in the prison as well as occupation for prisoners
to pump water
prisoners while on the treadwheel were allowed/not allowed to speak and kept in separate ___
not allowed
booths
what did prison reformers think the aim of prison should be
rehabilitation
when did John Howard public the state of prisons in England and Wales describing how bad conditions were
1777
when did Elizabeth fry visit Newgate prison
1813
what did Elizabeth fry do at Newgate to encourage rehabilitation
taught sewing and the bible
Elizabeth fry campaigned for ___prison wardens for female and child prisoners
female
when was it decided that gaolers be paid out of local taxes
1815
when did the first national prison open
1816 - millbank
when were prisoners first held in categories
1823
when was inspection of prisons introduced
1835
when was it decreed that prisoners should do hard work and live in harsh conditions
1865
when were all prisons brought under government authority
1877
give 3 things that influenced prison reform in the 1800s
individuals
changing ideas and attitudes
government
___was a movement in the 1800s which achieved major social reform like the abolition of slavery and changes to the prison system
humanitarianism
give 3 main methods of law enforcement in the 1700s
watchmen
parish constables
part time soldiers who could police riots
constables and watchmen were salaried in some/all towns in the 1700s
some
when were the bow street runners set up
1748
the bow street runners were built on the idea of what
theiftakers
when were bow street runners expanded
1792 middlesex justices act
when was the met police set up
1829 - metropolitan police act
when was it made compulsory that all areas have their own police force
1856 Police Act
when were telegraph communications between members of the police set up and by what act
1869 national crime records
when were Scotland Yard detectives set up
1842
when was Sherlock Holmes first published
1887
when was the CID set up
criminal investigations department - 1878
when was the first conviction from the CID by fingerprint
1902
how many detectives by 1883 did the CID have
600
the ____municipal corporations act gave local boroughs power to set up a police but only ___out of 171 had set one up by _____
1835
93
1837
explain one way policing was similar in Tudor England and the 18th century 4 marks
between 1800-1840 the number of reported crimes rose from -___to ____
5 000 to 20 0000
when was Pentonville prison built
1842
Pentonville prison was built as part of the ___system
separate
prisoners in Pentonville could be on their own for up to ___hours
23
how many wings in Pentonville prison
5
how many prisoners could Pentonville accommodate
520
Pentonville had up to date domestic technology - give some examples of it - why did they have it?
heating
piped water
to ensure prisoners didnt need to see each other
and they could improve their health
who designed Pentonville
Joshua jebb
the work at prisons was ___and ___give an example
boring and repetitive
oakum picking
many prisoners suffered from __and ___
depression and psychosis
what is the 1865 prisons act demand of prisons
hard labour hard fare and hard board
up to 12 hours a day work
boring diet
wooden beds instead of hammocks
give 3 strengths of Robert peel
listened to reformers like Elizabeth fry
skilful at getting bills through parliament
used stats to talk about crime
peel reduced the number of crimes punishable by death by ___
100
who passed the 1823 gaols act
peel
when was the gaols act passed
1823
give 4 things the 1823 gaols act said
female convicts watched by female wardens
gaolers should be paid
prisoners shouldn’t be held in chains
prison chaplains should visit and inspect prisons
when was the last hanging for shoplifting
1822
when were capital crimes reduced by 100
1825
when was the black act repealed
1827
when was a period of economic downturn and unemployment that caused an increase in crime and rioting
1826
how many recruits signed up for the met police on day 1 and how many were kept for a year or more
2 800
600
to what extent was Robert peel a great humanitarian 16 marker
do it - made up by self
when was the sexual offences act
1967
when was abortion legalised
1967
when was the domestic violence act
1976
when was rape within marriage recognised as a crime
1991
wehn was the terrorism act
2000
when was the modern slavery act
2015
when was the concept of hate crimes introduced as worse than a simple assault
2005
when was windursh
1950s
when did it become illegal to refuse housing or a job to someone based on race
1968
when was spreading racial or religious hatred a crime
2006
What did the 1976 domestic violence act allow
victims could ask for an injunction (court order against an action such as to stay away) against a partner
when was controlling and coercive behaviour within a marriage made illegal
2014
give 3 examples of controlling a and coercive behaviour in a marriage
telling someone what they can wear, who they can see, when they can go out, stopping access to money
give 2 conditions for an abortion
the child was going to have serious disabilities
2 doctors agree
limit used to be 28 weeks
give 3 current social crimes
minor driving offences
copyright theft
using illegal drugs
smuggling can be/is never a social crime today
can be - like bringing over goods without paying tax on them on holiday
when was drunk driving made a crime
1825
in the ___drink driving was common and illegal - a social crime - but nowadays it is less acceptable
1970s
after advertising campaigns on ___it has become less acceptable
speeding
when did some durgs become illegal
1971 Misuse of Drugs Act
modern day terrorists use what to spread their message
internet
describe one change to terrorism in the EMP versus modern day
made own 4 markers
is people trafficking a new crime
no - in the 1830s it was known as the white slave trade
how has the nature of cybercrime changed from past to modern day
more large-scale
the crime of fraud is the same/different to the past but the way it is carried out is the same/different as large emails can be sent out to lots of people ti catch gullible people
same
different
what is copyright
the right of an artist to be recognised and paid as the creator of their own work
what is fraud
impersonating people to make money illegally
what is cybercrime
crime carried out using the internet
what is people trafficking
people from poorer countries being Brought to the UK and forced to work for no or very little wages
what is extortion
getting someone to pay money with threats
types of crimes haven’t changed since the 1800s only the methods used to commit them how far do you agree
fraud and race crimes
16 marks
when was the police training college set up
1947
when was the fingerprint branch set up
1901
when did met police start using computers to process payroll
1960s
when was the police national computer launched to hold the records of 25 million individuals
1980
when were the first murder convictions from DNA samples
1988
when was national DNA database set up
1995
when were speed cameras introduced
1992
give 4 technological advancements for preventing crime
CCTV
breathalysers (for testing blood alcohol levels) and speed cameras
video surveillance
biometric screening (fingerprint locked data or buildings)
give 4 technological advancemenys for solving crime
forensic science
phones
data management
computer software improvements
when was the met police bomb squad set up
1971
wehn was the national Hi Tech Crime unit set up
2001 - to tackle online crime
when was the specialist fraud squad set up
1946
when was the national crime agency set up and what does it do
2013 - tackles drug trafficking
when was the specialist dog handling unit set up
1946
give 3 things dogs do in the police
sniff out drugs
find explosives
search for missing people
in the 2000s, there was a start to ___crime before it happens
preventing
what is a PCSO
police community support officer
what do PCSOs do
tackle anti social behaviour and confiscate alcohol to prevent crime
when was first neighbourhood watch set up
1982
how many households are involved in neighbourhood watch
3.8 million
who set up neighbourhood watch
Maggie thatcher
in the 1980s when thatcher was PM there was an increase/decrease in cimr e
increase
explain one way in which community law enforcement in the 20th century was different from that in the 1500s
after 1957 there was an average of ___executions per year
4
when was the death penalty suspended for 5 years
1965
when was death penalty abolished for murder
1969
when was the end fo hanging for under 16s
1908
when did hanging of under 18s end
1933
when was death penalty fully abolished
1999
when was Timothy Evans executed
1950
when was Derek Bentley executed
1953
when was ruth ellis executed
1955
Timothy evans was/wasnt innocent
was
how many signatures were on petition asking for leniency for ruth ellis
50 000
ruth ellis killed her __and ___boyfriend who had caused her to have a miscarriage
violent abusive
when was hard labour ended so no more treadwheel in prison
1902
when was there increased focus on prisoner welfare so separate system of prisoners ended and education initiatives introduced
1922
when was there a new focus on preparing prisoners for life after prison with open prisons in wakefield
1933
open prisons are allowed what
day release
what was UK prison population in 1960 compared to 2015
20 000 to 90 000
when were borstals introduced
1900
when was first borstal set up and where
kent 1902
when were borstals replaced with youth custody centres
1982
what did borstals focus on
education and physical training
give 3 reforms from the criminal justice act
1948
graduated system of prison depending on seriousness
detention centres with a more relaxed regime than borstals
attendance centres for minor crimes only at weekends
when did the age of criminal responsibility go to 10
1963
the ____acts of __and ___focussed on youth justice reforms
children and young persons acts
1963 and 1969
what di the 1969 children and young persons act do
probation offciers and social workers favoured over sentences
give 5 reformative alternatives to prison in 1900s
ASBOS - restricts where you can go
community service
restorative justice
electronic tagging
drug and alcohol treatment programmes
give 4 things influencing changes to punishment in 20th century
individuals
government
changing ideas and attitudes
developments in science and tech
when was conscription introduced
1916 military service act
men aged __to __were conscripted if unmarried and by __married men had to join as well
18-41
may
absolutist pacifists believed what
the war was completely wrong and any indirect support was also wrong
___were prepared to help with stretcher bearing on the frontline just not violent jobs
alternitivists
how many men appeared before court tribunal to request conscientious objection
16500
give 2 reasons tribunals weren’t always fair
judging panel was local authority based so varied
members often too old to be called up but thought it was defo other people’s duty to fight
what was the punishment for refusing to fight If sent to the front line
death penalty then reduced to 10 years imprisonment
absolutists were often placed in ___in prison
solitary confinement (with hopes they would change minds)
give 3 ways COs were presented in propaganda to get people to fight
unmanly, cowardly, unpatriotic
what did Cos get as a sign of cowardice
white feathers
why was treatment of COs less harsh in WW2
it would be hypocrtical to be tyrannical just like hitler
when was derek Bentley pardoned
1993
when was bentleys trial
1952
how old was Derek Bentley
18
what mental age did Bentley have
10
what did Bentley say
let him have it - it could have meant let him have the gun
Bentley was unintelligent but not ___
insane
Bentley had a history of what
criminality
what law was Bentley guilty for murder under
joint enterprise
how many MPs called fora motion calling for bentleys reprieve
200
what are the official release papers for prisoners called
freedom licenses
the illustrated news isn’t wholly reliable as it was a ____and sensationalist and very anti ___
penny dreadful
police
