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TTRQS History > Crime And Punishment - Industrial Period > Flashcards

Crime And Punishment - Industrial Period Flashcards

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1
Q

Context - Industrial Revolution -
Give statistics for population change in UK 1750 - 1900

A

1750 - 9.5 million 1900 - 41.5 million

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2
Q

Context - Industrial Revolution -
what was a change to work in IP (industrial period)

A

Moving from rural labour to factory employment

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3
Q

Context - Industrial Revolution -
what was one change to the price of harvests in IP and why?

A

Harvests prices were less variable due to imports

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4
Q

Context - Industrial Revolution -
what was one change to travel in the IP, and two words to describe the change

A

Railways were introduced in the 1840s. They were faster and cheaper than roads which had existed previously

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5
Q

Context - Industrial Revolution -
what happened to the wealth of the country/government in IP and why was it significant?

A

It increased, along with taxes, which meant the government could complete more social reform

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6
Q

Context - Industrial Revolution -
what was one change to rates of literacy in IP ? (Give two statistics, 1850 and 1900)

A

Increased. 1850 - 70% literate and 1900 - 95% literate

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7
Q

Context - Industrial Revolution -
give one change to acceptance of government involvement in IP

A

People grew more accepting of it

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8
Q

Context - Industrial Revolution -
give one change to ideas about human nature in IP

A

People believed human nature was more flexible and could be educated/have living conditions improve to improve behaviour

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9
Q

Context - Industrial Revolution -
State the events which take place at these dates during the modern period:
1775 1789 1868 1803 1833

A

1775 - American revolution 1789 - French Revolution 1860 - abolition of public execution 1803 - abolition of trade of slaves 1833 - stops anyone owning a slave

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10
Q

Context - Industrial Revolution -
Fill in the Gaps:
Steam engines drove the Industrial Revolution forward with ____. There were lots of inventions in this period such as James _____ with the _____ train. Child labour was rampant, children 8-9 would work __ hour days. Protests agains working _____ spread, and trade ______ sprouted up. Movement to cities (_______) grew. By 1860, _______ miles of railways linked Britain.

A

Steam engines drove the Industrial Revolution forward with coal. There were lots of inventions in this period such as James Stockton with the locomotive train. Child labour was rampant, children 8-9 would work 12 hour days. Protests agains working conditions spread, and trade unions sprouted up. Movement to cities (urbanisation) grew. By 1860, 10 000 miles of railways linked Britain.

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11
Q

Context - Industrial Revolution -
give one change to voting rights in IP + 2 population statistics (mid 1700s and 1885)

A

They were expanded to more people. Mid 1700s - 1 in 8 men 1885- nearly all men.

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12
Q

Mark collector -
link evidence together by themes / common characteristics - should you also link things in the significance judgements of the essay?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Crime - Industrial Revolution - social crime study Highway Robbery -
name 3 social crimes in IP

A

Highway robbery, smuggling, poaching

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14
Q

Crime - Industrial Revolution - social crime study Highway Robbery -
What environment created an opportunity for highway robbery - give 9 reasons

A
  1. Horses cheaper,
  2. coaches are more frequent due to smoother roads,
  3. people travel in own coaches,
  4. handguns easier to get and use,
  5. Taverns allowed highwaymen to sell loot on their premises,
  6. When wars ended previous soldiers needed jobs - unemployment
  7. No police force and local constables didn’t track criminals across counties
  8. Growing inequality
  9. Popular myths about highwaymen allowed them to gain public support - some portrayed them as Robin Hood figures giving to the poor and stealing from the rich
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15
Q

Crime - Industrial Revolution - social crime study Highway Robbery - Dick Turpin
Fill in the gaps:
Dick Turpin was born in ____and worked in _____. He previously had a job as a _____. He preyed on women who were alone, and in ____ killed his partner (____ King) to prevent them turning him in. He went to ______ Inn in Hampstead to sell his loot. A £___ reward was put up for his capture. He was imprisoned for shooting a _____. Eventually, he was caught by a ____ who recognised his ______, when he wrote to his brother to ask him to help get out of prison. He was executed in ____.

A

Dick Turpin was born in 1705 and worked in Essex. He previously had a job as a butcher. He preyed on women who were alone, and in 1737 killed his partner (Tom King) to prevent them turning him in. A £100 reward was put up for his capture. He was imprisoned for shooting a cockerel. Eventually, he was caught by a postman who recognised his handwriting, when he wrote to his brother to ask him to help get out of prison. He was executed in 1739.

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16
Q

Crime - Industrial Revolution - social crime study Highway Robbery
Until what period did Highway robbery increase (give a decade ____ s)

A

1760s

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17
Q

Crime - Industrial Revolution - social crime study Highway Robbery
Why did Highway robbery decline 1760s? Give 7 reasons

A
  1. Speeds of coaches increased
  2. Justices of the Peace refused license to taverns where highwaymen went
  3. Banking was better so fewer travellers carried lots of money
  4. Stagecoaches were introduced with regular staging posts
  5. Open land was built on and so the amount of open road to travel on was decreased
  6. Mounted patrols were set up like the Bow Street Runners
  7. High rewards encouraged people to report on highwaymen
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18
Q

Crime - Industrial Revolution - social crime study Highway Robbery
Give 1 big reason for the increase in Highway robbery and 1 big reason for the decline (give two dates)

A

1642 - 1651 civil war meant soldiers were unemployed - increases it
1772 - death penalty introduced for Highway robbery

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19
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
Define smuggling

A

Illegally bringing goods into a country

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20
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
When is the export of wool made illegal and how did it affect rates of smuggling

A

1660 - increased

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21
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
When was exercise duty extended and what did it do to rates of smuggling

A

1690s

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22
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
When were mounted customs officers established

A

1690

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23
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
When was a water guard established with ships to patrol the coastline

A

1700

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24
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
When did armed smuggling gangs grow in number

A

1740s

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25
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
When was a tax on tea reduced - how did it affect smuggling?

A

1745 - decreased

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26
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
When did the cost of fighting war lead to increased tax on imports - how did it affect smuggling

A

1759

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27
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
When was the smuggling of French goods widespread

A

1792 - 1815 - during war with France

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28
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
When were taxes on imported goods cut meaning large scale smuggling was basically over

A

1850

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29
Q

(4 marks) Explain Two reasons why smuggle became a popular crime

A

Possible points: Increased taxes + unemployment + social attitudes + lack of police force + road-networks + inequality + the availability of equipment + laws + wars + colonisation/ increased trade networks
Possible pieces of evidence (2 x required per point): 1690s exercise duty extended/1759 import duties increased + civil war 1642-1651 / war with France 1792-1815 + Robin Hood figures/taverns such as Spaniards inn let them in + 1829 was establishment of met/ local constables were only local + road networks were smoother and used more/ in lots of open spaces/not as much urbanisation to open roads + gaps due to unemployment (civil war dates/war with France) + handguns and coaches more available/taverns available + 1660 export of wool made illegal/ spirits and drugs illegal + colonisation increased trade networks so more opportunity to smuggle / French trade allowed spices to be imported and Dutch imports of coffee were available

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30
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
Put these goods into categories of illegal or taxed highly (as reasons for why they were smuggled)

A

Illegal:
Weapons
Drugs
Humans (forced labourers)
Taxed highly:
Silks/ expensive materials
Tea
Wines

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31
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling - Cornwall case study
Give 6 reasons why smuggling in Cornwall was particularly popular

A
  1. Increased duties on imported goods hit it hard as a coastal town with lots of imports
  2. Farming in the area (basically the only other profession) was less profitable than smuggling
  3. Radical dislike of government (as a working class area) involved more people
  4. Price of tea was much lower than in Europe (1/5 of the price in England)
  5. Cornwall is far from London (where law enforcement and laws are made)
  6. Smuggling is coastal as easier to trade between countries from coast - Cornwall is on the coast
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32
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
Why did smuggling become such a popular crime? Give all 6 economic reasons/ pieces of evidence- including employment

A
  1. A smuggler could make 6/7 times a normal labourers pay per night - economic
  2. Unemployment
  3. People who helped smugglers got some of the goods - economic
  4. Import duties high - economic
  5. Fishing and iron making and cloth industries were in decline - unemployment
  6. £3 million worth of tea was smuggled in a year - economic
  7. Middle class such as wine and cheese were taxed highly and sometimes banned - economic
  8. Smuggling was profitable to gangs who formed small industries
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33
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
How many times more than a normal labourers pay could a smuggler make per night

A

6-7

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34
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
How many pounds worth of tea was be smuggled in a year

A

£3 million

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35
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
Give opportunities which made it easier for smugglers to operate

A

Many villages supported smugglers
Even members of the government (like Robert Walpole) smuggled
Government ‘riding agents’ couldn’t police the coast effectively
No regular police to catch them

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36
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
Which member of the government smuggled goods/ bought them?

A

Robert Walpole (1st PM of UK)

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37
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
What was the name of the law enforcement which policed coastal smuggling

A

Riding agents

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38
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
What was the name of a large smuggling gang who were notoriously violent

A

Hawkhurst gang

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39
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
True or false: smuggling gangs were often violent

A

True

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40
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
What was a problem with the way smuggling was treated with law enforcement

A

The law enforcement had to patrol several miles of coast per official

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41
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling
What was a key problem which law enforcement faced when policing smuggling

A

Many people were involved in smuggling or bought smuggled goods so didn’t alert authorities about it

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42
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Smuggling + poaching
Why were smuggling and poaching so popular among Working classes

A

Cheap
Access to luxury goods like rum/tea/cigars

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43
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Poaching
True or false: during the 1600s poaching was a social crime

A

True

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44
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Poaching
What were 4 upsides of poaching in the 1600s:

A

Professional (working class) hunters sold meat to locals
Upper classes used hunting as a sport
It provided jobs
Conserved skills of hunting

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45
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Poaching
What year was the Black Act introduced

A

1723

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46
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Poaching
Under what income were you banned from hunting at all by the 1723 Black Act?

A

£100 a year

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47
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Poaching
Why was the Black Act called that?

A

Anyone caught with a blackened face for disguise/ with something that could blacken your face would be punished - as many poachers did this to avoid detection by the authorities

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48
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Poaching
What was the punishment for poaching under the 1723 Black Act?

A

Execution (it was a crime that was part of the bloody code)
Transportation to America

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49
Q

(4 marker) why were poaching + smuggling so popular with the working and labouring poor of the industrial period

A

Economic reason + 2 valid evidence
Opportunity + 2 valid evidence
Political + 2 valid evidence

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50
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
Why was the government concerned about the growth of working classes in the 1830s?

A

The French Revolution 1789

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51
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
Why did trade unions start to appear in 1830s?

A

Urbanisation (people were together and could discuss issues + their living conditions were worse)
Low wages
Lack of legal protections

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52
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
What is a trade union

A

Organisation that represents workers to protect their rights

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53
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
How many Tolpuddle martyrs were there?

A

6

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54
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
Name 3 of the Tolpuddle martyrs

A

J. Loveless + T Stanfield + J Hammet

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55
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
What law were the tolpuddle martyrs prosecuted under

A

Administering an illegal oath (an old naval law)

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56
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
When were the tolpuddle martyrs arrested?

A

1834

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57
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
What was the name of the society the tolpuddle martyrs created (a proto-trade union)

A

Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers

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58
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
How many years transportation were the tolpuddle martyrs sentenced to

A

7

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59
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
How many people marched in London once the sentence for the tolpuddle martyrs had been passed, to protest against it

A

100 000

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60
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
What did the tolpuddle martyrs say they would do to protect each others wages

A

Strike if the others did and if a master lowered one of their wages they all would quit

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61
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
Give 3 changes after the tolpuddle martyrs were convicted

A

Trade unions started to be set up
Some were deterred from entering unions due to the tolpuddle martyrs
The government pardoned the martyrs after 4 years

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62
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
After how many years were the tolpuddle allowed to come home from transportation to Australia

A

4

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63
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
Give 3 things that stayed the same after the actions of the tolpuddle martyrs

A

Farm labourers we’re still poorly paid
Chartist movement of 1840s was also harshly treated

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64
Q

Crime - Industrial Period - Political Crime - Case Study - Tolpuddle Martyrs
Why was the sentence for the tolpuddle martyrs so harsh

A

The government was using it as a deterrent to prevent other unions forming

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65
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Name 2 predecessors to the bow street runners

A

Constables
Night watchmen

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66
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Fill in the gaps
Law enforcement of the _____ period. Constables were _____ who were ___ paid. Every man in the village was expected to complete the role for a _____. They were ___ effective.

A

Law enforcement of the Norman period. Constables were volunteers who were not paid. Every man in the village was expected to complete the role for a year. They were not effective.

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67
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Fill in the gaps
A piece of ____ modern period law enforcement. Introduced in the year ____. Nicknamed ‘_____’ after Charles II. Paid to patrol the streets at ____. However they had ___ wages. Often attracted old ___ to the job. Was not very _____.

A

A piece of early modern period law enforcement. Introduced in the year 1663. Nicknamed ‘Charlie’s’ after Charles II. Paid to patrol the streets at night. However they had low wages. Often attracted old men to the job. Was not very effective.

68
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
When were the bow street runners set up and by whom?

A

1748 - Henry Fielding

69
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
What was the book which Henry fielding wrote and what year did he write it? (Hint - it’s a classic 1700s name)

A

1751 - ‘ an enquiry into the causes of the late increase of robbers with some proposals for remedying this growing evil’

70
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
What did Henry fielding conclude about crime in London in his book written in 1751?

A

That the physical geography of the city provided the perfect opportunity for crime, so the bow street runners should be established

71
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
What did fielding base his idea for the bow street runners on

A

The thief taker system

72
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
In what year did bow street runners start being officially paid by the government

A

1785

73
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
When did Henry fieldings brother John fielding take over the bow street runners

A

1754

74
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
True or false: John fielding was blind

A

True

75
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
What was the dress code for the bow street runners

A

Yellow trousers, blue coat, black top hat

76
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
In what year was the Middlesex justices act introduced?

A

1792

77
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
What did the Middlesex justices act of 1792 do?

A

Set up more offices like the bow street runners

78
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
When did other towns (not London) start setting up police forces like the metropolitan police?

A

1835

79
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
When was the metropolitan police set up

A

1829

80
Q

(12 marker) ‘law enforcement famines relatively unchanged 1300-1748’ how far do you agree

A

Agree:
Not government controlled + evidence (hue and cry/bow street runners Henry fielding 1748)
Never national, always local (town constables + bow street runners in London)
Disagree:
Changed from community to professional (tithings / constables/ night watchmen ‘Charlie’s’ / Johnathan Wilde 1683 - 1725+ thief takers
Size and extent of power changed (tithings - hundreds - now street runners
Specialised law enforcement (riding agents / mounted patrols / bow street runners

81
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Who introduced the met police and what was his government role

A

Robert Peel - Home Secretary

82
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Why did peel think met police was a good idea (2 reasons)

A

Rising crime rates and ineffective community law enforcement
Growth of popular protest and no way to deal with it other than army

83
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period - Peterloo massacre
When was the Peterloo massacre?

A

1819

84
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
How many died in the Peterloo massacre of 1819?

A

15

85
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
How many attended the pro-democracy protest known as the Peterloo massacre of 1819

A

60 000

86
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
How many were injured in the Peterloo massacre of 1819

A

600

87
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Why was Robert peel a particularly effective reformer of punishment

A

Used statistics to talk about crime

88
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
In what year was Robert peel Home Secretary

A

1822

89
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Give a nickname for the met police - who was this name inspired by

A

Peelers - Robert Peel

90
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
How many men were recruited for the met police by the 1870s

A

3200

91
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
How many men were in the met police by 1882

A

11 700

92
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Was upper class reaction to met police :) or :( and why

A

:) as prevent stealing but :( as higher taxes and :( due to government intervention in their lives

93
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Was lower class reaction to met police :) or :( and why

A

Police prevent trade unions so :( smuggling trade might be stopped and bring up prices :( crime rate would decrease :)
Government intervention could be resented :(

94
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Why were the bow street runners particularly effective?(give 4 adjectives)

A

Organised, paid, shared information, uniformed

95
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Why would population change in London lead to the creation of the met police - what was the change (1700s -late 1800s )?

A

600 000 - 1700s -> 5 million late 1800s - increase the need due to more crime

96
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
What penal system did Robert peel play a role in ending

A

Bloody code

97
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Give 5 large scale reasons for the creation of bow street runners

A

Robert peel
Fear of crime and protest
Inadequacies of existing system
Growth of towns
Increasing government involvement

98
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
How much were policemen paid - was it a decent wage?

A

21 shillings a week - yes

99
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
How many out of 171 councils (when encouraged by the 1835 Government Act) established a police force

A

93

100
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
True or false: the crime rate dropped after the introduction of the police

A

True

101
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Within 4 years - how many of the original 2800 policemen were sacked for drunkenness?

A

2 238

102
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
When was the Rural Constabulary Act

A

1839

103
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
How many of the 54 countries of England set up a police force after the 1839 rural constabulary act

A

36

104
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Which county in 1842 campaigned to have the police force disbanded

A

Bedfordshire

105
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
What act made it compulsory to set up a police force in all local areas and when was it introduced?

A

1856 - Police Act

106
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
When were the National Crime Records set up and what did they do

A

1869 - used telegraphs to share information

107
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
When was the CID set up and what did it stand for

A

Criminal investigations department - 1878

108
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
In what year did the army have to be called in to support the police at a demonstration in Hyde park?

A

1866

109
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
Summarise two positive attitudes to the police in 2 adjectives

A

Brave, honourable

110
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
What did punch magazine call the police in 1851

A

‘Defenders of order’

111
Q

Law enforcement - Industrial Period -
What were two negative perceptions of the met police - summarise in 2 phrases

A

Ill-equipped and outnumbered (therefore ineffective) + stupid

112
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period -
When did stealing more than 40 shillings become a capital offence

A

1713

113
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period -
When was Transportation to Australia introduced

A

1778

114
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period -
When were 222 crimes capital offences?

A

1810

115
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period -
When was the last hanging under the Black Act

A

1814

116
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period -
When was the last hanging for shoplifting

A

1822

117
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period -
When did the punishment of death act reduce the number of capital crimes to 60

A

1832

118
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period -
When did the judgement of death act allow judges to reduce a death sentence to transportation or imprisonment

A

1823

119
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period -
In what year did only murder or treason become capital crimes

A

1841

120
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period -
When did Holloway prison for women open

A

1902

121
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Bloody Code
What often happened at public executions

A

People drank and celebrated + didn’t take it seriously

122
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Bloody Code
How many of those convicted of a capital crime were actually hanged (x%)

A

40%

123
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Bloody Code
True or false: transportation was seen as a positive alternative to executions

A

True

124
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Bloody Code
What was the execution rate by the 1800s

A

10%

125
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Bloody Code
Give a type of prison which was seen as an alternative to executions

A

Bridewells

126
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Bloody Code
True or false: many thought hanging was an inhumane punishment

A

True

127
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Bloody Code
How many crimes had capital punishment baby 1688

A

50

128
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Bloody Code
What act created a turning point in the numbers of executions - decreasing it allot

A

1823 judgement act allows judges to give transportation as a punishment for those sentenced under the death penalty

129
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Bloody Code
What period marked a turning point in the number of executions for the crime of murder

A

1835-1845 (77%-100% for murder)

130
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
Name 3 groups which would have been transported

A

Chartists + Tolpuddle martyrs + Irish rebels (rebels and protesters as well as those who would have been punished under the death penalty)

131
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
What would you do when you were transported

A

Do manual labour and this would pay for basic housing and food

132
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
What was a hulk (apart from a green superhero)

A

A floating offshore prison which would take you too where you would later be transported

133
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
How long could the journey to your destination take you when you were transported

A

3 months

134
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
What percent of convicts transported were thieves?

A

80%

135
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
What fraction of those transported were women

A

1/6

136
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
What percent of transported people were convicted of violent crimes

A

3%

137
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
How many were transported to Australia from England and Ireland

A

158 702

138
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
Did the frequency of transportations peak before or after the peak of bloody code convictions?

A

After (due to 1823 judgement act and the problems with the bloody code

139
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
When was the peak of transportations in Britain (give a decade)

A

1830s

140
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
Were prisons cheaper or more expensive than transportation

A

Cheaper

141
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
How much did transportation cost per year in the 1830s

A

£0.5 million

142
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
Did settlers in Australia like the ‘dumping of convicts’ in their country?

A

No

143
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
True or false: transportation was successful at reforming convicts

A

True - and they preferred it in Australia

144
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
When was the gold rush in Australia and how did it affect transportation

A

1851 and it made transportation seem like less of a punishment, however it might have increased as convicts would be labourers mining gold

145
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
Had crime fallen since transportation to Australia began?

A

No

146
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Transportation
What did Lord Ellenborough class transportation to Australia in 1810

A

‘No more than a summers’ excursion to a happier and better climate’

147
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
What were some problems with prisons 1600s - 1700s
(Give 3 - there are many possible)

A

Men and women and children together
Poor living conditions - overcrowded, unhygienic
Lack of rehabilitation + reform, very retributive

148
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
Fill in the gaps:
Many prisoners could not get out as they couldn’t pay the required ______ fee set by the ______. There weren’t enough _____ to keep criminals separate, and women often got _____ in prisons. Wardens were ____ paid by the government and so charged _____ for rooms, food, or doctors. Roughly _______ a year died from diseases caught from prison, sometimes prisoners were even kept on _____ due to extreme overcrowding. Criminals were not being reformed, often serious criminals ____ their crimes to children. There was no differentiation between ______ and serious criminals.

A

Many prisoners could not get out as they couldn’t pay the required discharge fee set by the gaoler. There weren’t enough wardens to keep criminals separate, and women often got pregnant in prisons. Wardens were not paid by the government and so charged prisoners for rooms, food, or doctors. Roughly 1000 a year died from diseases caught from prison, sometimes prisoners were even kept on hulks due to extreme overcrowding. Criminals were not being reformed, often serious criminals taught their crimes to children. There was no differentiation between debtors and serious criminals.

149
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
Name 3 prison reformers

A

John Howard, Elizabeth fry, Robert Peel

150
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
What prison did Elizabeth fry visit?

A

Newgate prison -

151
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
When did she visit Newgate prison?

A

1813

152
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
Fill in the gaps
Visited a prison for women, brought _____ bedding and baby _____. She set up a ____ in the prison and taught them ‘____’ work such as ______ as alternatives to _____.

A

Visited a prison for women, brought clean bedding and baby clothes. She set up a school in the prison and taught them ‘useful’ work such as sewing as alternatives to prostitution.

153
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
What act did Elizabeth fry influence?

A

1823/1825 Gaols Act

154
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
What report did John Howard publish and when

A

The state of prisons in England and Wales in 1777

155
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
What did John Howard’s report say? Fill the gaps
Ideas such as ______ cells to increase chances of _____. Made people aware of the ____ in prisons.

A

Ideas such as separate cells to increase chances of reform. Made people aware of the problems in prisons.

156
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
What act of parliament did Robert peel introduce about prisons

A

1823/1825 Gaols act

157
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
What did the Gaols Act of 1823/1825 say? Fill-in the gaps
Prison _____ should visit prisoners, gaolers should be ____, female prisons should be watched by ___ wardens and prisoners can’t be held in ____.

A

Prison chaplains should visit prisoners, gaolers should be paid, female prisons should be watched by female wardens and prisoners can’t be held in chains.
Chaplains - paid - female - chains

158
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
When was the Black Act repealed?

A

1827

159
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - Pentonville prison
How many wings did Pentonville prison have?

A

5

160
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
True or false: Pentonville had heating, ventilation, and piped water

A

True

161
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
What was the aim of Pentonville prison? Fill in the gaps
The separate system aimed to allow prisoners to ____, however there were many elements of the prison which were ______. This _____ aspect worked as a ____ as well. Living conditions were clean but completely _____, and you had to wear a ____ when going for exercise or _____.

A

The separate system aimed to allow prisoners to reform, however there were many elements of the prison which were retributive. This retributive aspect worked as a deterrent as well. Living conditions were clean but completely isolated and you had to wear a mask when going for exercise or chapel.

162
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
When was Pentonville prison established?

A

1842

163
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
What was the silent system?
Prisoners were required to stay ____ in _____ areas.

A

Prisoners were required to stay silent in communal areas

164
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
What was ‘hard labour, hard fare, hard board’?
____demanding work, a ____ diet and ____ wooden ___ to sleep on.

A

Physically demanding work, a boring diet, and a hard wooden bed to sleep on

165
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
When was the rehabilitation and reform of prisoners emphasised as important by an act of government?

A

1898 Prison act

166
Q

Punishment - Industrial Period - Case Study - prisons
Fill in the summary timeline for prisons:
_____ to____ = unorganised
____ to _____ = reformists campaigned for better prison conditions
_____to _____ = separate and silent system - retribution

A

1700 - 1800
1777(the state of prisons in England and wales by John Howard is published)- 1842 (Pentonville prison established)
1842 - 1898(rehabilitation and reform are emphasised by the prisons act

TTRQS History (19 decks)

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