Cold War Textbook Flashcards
When does WWII begin
1939
When did the grand alliance start and who did it comprise of?
Britain, USA, USSR
1941
When was the Tehran conference?
1943
When did Germany invade the USSR?
1941
When was Potsdam conference
1945
When was yalta conference
1945
When did US do first successful a bomb test
1945
When did the USA detonate atomic bombs over Japan
1945
When was the long telegram and who wrote it
1946 - Kennan
When was Novikov telegram
1946
When was iron curtain speech and where?
1946 - Missouri
When was Truman doctrine
1947
When was Marshall plan announced
1947
When was Cominform started
1947
When was a communist government introduced to Poland
1947
When was the Berlin blockade
1948
When was a communist government set up in Czechoslovakia
1948
When was nato set up?
1949
When was the federal republic of Germany set up and was it west or east
West - 1949
When was the German Democratic set up and was it west or east
East - 1949
When was Comecon set up
1949
When was Warsaw pact formed
1955
When was Hungarian uprising
1956
When was the Geneva summit
1959
When was the camp David summit
1959
When was the communist revolution in Cuba overthrowing the Batista regime?
1959
When was Berlin Wall built?
1961
When was the Vienna summit?
1961
When was the bay of pigs?
1961
When was the Vienna summit?
1961
When was the Cuban missile crisis?
1962
When was the limited test ban treaty?
1963
When did Kennedy visit Berlin
1963
Who gave Britain, USA and USSR the nickname the grand alliance
Churchill
When was VE Day
May 1945
Month and year of Tehran conference
Nov 1943
Month and year Hitler attacks USSR (reason for grand alliance forming)
June 1941
Month of yalta conference and year
Feb 1945
Month and year of Potsdam conference
July 1945
Month UDS drops atom bombs
August 1945
Month and year of the long telegram
Feb 1946
Month and year of iron curtain speech Churchill
March 1946
Month and year of Novikov telegram
November 1946
What 3 politicians are referred to as the big three
Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill
When did Roosevelt die
1945
When did Japan bomb pearl harbour
1941
Why was Roosevelt not very tough in negotiations with Stalin?
He wanted soviet support with the fight against Japan and he believed the only long term chance at peace would involve acceptance of the USSR
How strongly anti Stalin was Churchill?
Very strongly - conservative vs a communist = boom
Give an agreement involving the western front made at Tehran Nov 1943
USA + Britain would open second front by attacking Germany in Western Europe
To ease pressure on eastern front where soviets were suffering heavily
As German troops would have to be withdrawn from eastern front to western front to help fight
Give an agreement made at Tehran to do with Japan
Stalin would declare war against Japan and supply soviet troops to help USA win war against Japan
Only once war in Europe was over
Give 2 agreements made at Tehran to do with Germany
Germany should remain weak after the war and it should be forced to surrender unconditionally
Poland should get land from Germany
Give an agreement to do with the USSR and poland made at Tehran
USSR could keep the land it had taken from Poland in 1939
Give an agreement made in Tehran about an international body
An international body should be set up to settle disputes with negotiation rather than war - laying ground for future United Nations
Give one way the Tehran conference was important for international relations
Stalin was pleased as he had previously been concerned that the US/GB had been reluctant to open a second front, and was glad they had agreed to it
Churchill was less pleased as he had wanted to set up a front in the balkans instead of
By the yalta conference what 2 gains had the grant alliance made in the war
Second front was pushing Germans back to Berlin
Soviets had defeated the Germans in the Soviet Union and not controlled most of central and Eastern Europe
Give 3 agreement made at yalta to do with Germany
Germany would be split into 4 zones - each controlled by USA, GB, FR, USSR
Germany would pay 20 billion dollars in reparations - 50% to Soviets
Nazis banned and war criminals prosecuted
How much was Germany forced to pay in reparations (agreed at yalta)
20 billion dollars
What % of the reparations Germany would pay would go to the Soviets
50%
What was a concrete agreement about international bodies made at yalta
UN would be set up - first meeting on 25th April 1945
When would first meeting of UN be
25th April 1945
Give one disagreement at yalta
USA + Uk didn’t agree that all 16 soviet republics could get individual membership
How many soviet republics were there
16
Give 3 Soviet countries that were admitted into UN
Russia, Ukraine, Belarus
In yalta stalin agreed to join the war against Japan __months after the defeat of Germany
3
In yalta Stalin agreed that governments of countries in _____ Europe would be decided in ___ elections
Eastern
Free
Give the issue in the yalta conference
Poland - as Stalin expected the government to be communist when a ‘free election’ was started in the country but the US and British supported the non-communist London poles
Who were the London poles?
A group of politicians who left Poland after the German invasion in 1939 and formed a government-in-exile, first in Paris and then in London
When did Roosevelt die - month and year
April 1945
Who were new leaders before the Potsdam conference?
Harry S Truman + Clement Attlee
When did the USA test their atomic bomb?
The day after the Potsdam conference began
By what treaty was the UN created and when
Treaty of San Francisco in June 1945
How many members signed the UN treaty
51
What were the members of the security council upon the UN’s formation and what power did they have?
Veto power
US + USSR + France + Britain + China
Truman and Attlee were ___ to diplomatic discussions
New
The newness of Truman and Attlee to diplomatic discussions meant it was ____ to get their way with Stalin
Harder
Truman had a ___ approach to the Soviet Union
Get tough
True or false: Truman deliberately delayed the date of the Potsdam conference until the bomb was ready
True
What was attlee’s main concern
To ensure Britain would take charge
Give an agreement about Germany made at Potsdam
Germany would be divided into 4 zones but the economy would be run as a whole
Give an agreement about Berlin made at Potsdam
Berlin would be divided into 4 zones controlled by different countries each
Even though well inside Soviet controlled Germany
Give an agreement about industrial production and the USSR
as the USSR controlled the poorest zone of Germany it was allowed to take a quarter of the industrial equipment from the other zones
The __army was occupying the satellite states
The red army
Give one point of tension between GB + US + USSR on the satellite states
USSR wanted control of Eastern Europe to ensure security of the Soviet Union - he saw this as a reasonable defensive measure
US saw this as the USSR trying to spread communism
When did US drop the first atom bomb as an attack and on what area
6 august 1945
Hiroshima in Japan
When was second atom bomb dropped on Japan
9 august 1945
How many Japanese civilians were killed by the two bombs
Over 120 000
Give two impacts of USA dropping the atom bombs (one on the west and one on USSR)
Made the west feel more confident placing themselves under American protection rather than with the USSR
Made USSR more determined to create a buffer zone to make itself more secure
Overall increase in tensions
When was the USSR’s first a bomb test
29 august 1949 - 4 years later
By ____ 3 countries had the a bomb - what countries
1964
Britain, France + China
The a bomb being dropped by USA ____ increased Cold War tensions
Dramatically
The a bomb arguably marked the commencement of the __ race
Arms race
Why did Truman and Stalin ask their embassies to report on attitudes in each others countries and when
1946 - they feared the end of the grand alliance could lead to future conflict
Who wrote the long telegram
George Kennan
Kennan’s telegram was long or short in length
Long - hence the long telegram
Who was the soviet diplomat in Washington
Nikolai Novikov
Give 3 things that Kennan said in the long telegram
Stalin wanted to see the destruction of capitalism
Stalin felt the world was looking to destroy communism
If faced with strong resistance, USSR would back down (it wasn’t suicidal)
The long telegram arguably led to the policy of ____
Containment
Give 3 things the Novikov telegram said
USA wanted to use their massive military power to dominate the world
After Roosevelt died the Americans didn’t want to cooperate with h the USSr anymore
The American public would support a government if the government wanted to go to war
What provoked Churchill to make his iron curtain speech
Communist governments had recently been set up in Hungary, Poland, Romania and Bulgaria
As Churchill must’ve cleared his speech with Truman first ___ took the iron curtain speech as reflecting ___ beliefs in general
Stalin
Aremifan
When was a communist government elected in Poland
Jan 1947
When did communists seize power in Czechoslovakia
Feb 1948
When was a communist government elected in Hungary
May 1949
Truman saw the takeover of satellite states by the USSR as an attempt to spread what worldwide?
Communism
Give 3 countries which are called the Baltic states
Lithuania, Latvia + Estonia
When were the Baltic states conquered by the USSR
1940
True or false: the Baltic states were satellite states
False - they were part of the Soviet Union
From ___ to ___ What was the only democracy in Eastern Europe
1919 - 1938 Czechoslovakia
Suppported by the ___ , communists in Czechoslovakia staged a ___ in ____ ____
USSR
Coup
Feb 1948
Who was the leader of democratic Czechoslovakia until Feb 1948
Benes
Who became the new leader of Czechoslovakia after feb 1948
Klement Gottwald
Give 2 countries that were satellite states but never occupied by the Red army (and hence had more autonomy)
Yugoslavia and Albania
At first, London poles ran Poland after WWII but after elections in 1947 a pro ___ government was introduced
Communist
In 1945 elections in Hungary there were enough/not enough votes for communists to form a government
Not enough
By ___ Hungary was a one party state
1949
How much money did UK get in Marshall aid?
3.297 billion
How much Marshall aid did west Germany get?
1.448 billion
How much Marshall aid did Greece get
376 million
How much Marshall aid did USA give total
12.7 billion dollars
What did Ernest Bevin (British foreign Secretary) describe Marshall aid as?
‘A lifeline to sinking men, giving hope where there was none’
What was decided on as a way to refuse Marshall aid to the USSR (after Stalin requested it) without refusing overtly
Countries would have to agree to a thorough review of their finances first - and they knew Stalin would never allow this
What did the Soviets call Marshall aid?
Dollar imperialism
Give 3 impacts of the Marshall plan on international relations from 1947
Stalins suspicions of the US were reinforced - here was evidence that the US was trying to crush the USSR
It tied western countries into supporting the USA
Divided Europe into 2 economic and political camps
When was Cominform set up
1947 22 September
How many members were within Cominform - name them
9 - USSR + Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, (communist parties of France and Italy)
Who were the Yugoslavian communists under the control of
Tito
When was Yugoslavia expelled from Cominform
June 1948
What did Cominform do?c
Control satellite states and ensured they followed orders
Encouraged trade between Cominform members
Officially REJECTED THE MARSHALL PLAN
Spread propaganda saying that America was no different from Nazi germany
When was Comecon set up>
1949 25 January
Why was Comecon set up
An alternative to Marshall aid
Give the 6 (and 7 later) members of Comecon
USSR + Bulgaria + Czechoslovakia + Hungary + Romania + Poland + east Germany (Albania joined the next year)
Give the main activities of Comecon
Arranging trade and credit agreements between member countries
After 1953 = industrial planning - Five Year Plan + nationalised industry + collective agriculture
Trade with Western Europe discouraged
What happened to bulgarias trade with other Comecon members from the 1930s to 1951
10% - 90%
In March 1948 ___ stormed out of conferences about how to deal with Germany and its reparations
USSR
When had the British and American zones United - what did they call it
1947 - bizonia
When was trizonia created (including France)
March 1948
When was the new currency for trizonia made and what was it called
Deutschmark + June 1948
Give 1 impact of the creation of the Deutschmark
Meant that trizonia was a separate economic unit from the east
How many corridors through east Germany to West Berlin were there
4 - two land and two air
When did Stalin shut off land routes across east Germany to Berlin
June 1948
Why did Stalin do the Berlin blockade
Trying to a show a divided Germany wouldn’t work + that the US should give control of Berlin to the USSR
How many tonnes of food was supplied per day by the USA to Berlin
Over 1000
When was the blockade lifted
May 9 1949
When was the federal republic of Germany created
23 may 1949
When was the Bundestag created
14 august 1949
When was the German Democratic Republic created
October 1949
Only ____ countries recognised east Germany as a nation
Communist
When was nato created?
1949
Give 2 things that contributed to the creation of NATO
Berlin blockade and communist takeover in Czechoslovakia
Month that NATO was created
April 1949
How many members of nato
12
If one NATo country was attacked ____ member countries woudl come to its assistance
All
When was FRG allowed to join NATO
May 1955
How long after west Germany joining nato was the Warsaw pact created
Within a week
What were members of the Warsaw pact
Bulgaria Hungary Czechoslovakia Romania Albania east Germany Poland USSR
When did the USA first successfully test the hydrogen bomb
November 1952
When did Eisenhower take office
January 1953
When did Stalin die
March 1953
When did the ussr successfully test the h bomb
August 1953
When did west Germany join nato
May 1955
When did Khrushchev make a speech criticising Stalin
February 1956
When was the Hungarian uprising crushed
November 1956
When did the USA launch its first ICBM
June 1957
When did USSR test its first ICBM
August 1957
When is imre Nagy (PM of Hungary) executed
June 1958
The USSR had much larger stocks of ____ weapons than the US
Conventional
How many times more powerful was the h bomb compared to the a bomb
1000 times out of
How many kms away could an ICBM fire a nuclear warhead
4 500km
Nuclear weapons acted as a ___ for war
Deterrent
Dwight Eisenhower ran an election campaign that was very anti ___
Communist
When did Stalin die
5 March 1953
When did Khrushchev emerge as effective Ruler of the USSR
1956
During 1956 people of Hungary protested due to what
Fuel shortages, poor harvests, lack of political freedoms
When were there riots in the capital Budapest
October 1956
After protests, Khrushchev decided to replace __- with ____
Rakosi with Nagy
Give 2 things that Nagy did
Ended one party state in Hungary
Realeased many political prisoners
Persuaded Khrushchev to withdraw soviet troops from Hungary
When did rakosi fall from power
July 1956
When do Soviet troops withdraw from Budapest, and the government promises free elections and freedom of speech
28 October
When does Nagy announce that Hungary is leaving the Warsaw pact
3 November 1956
When do Soviet trooops invade Hungary to regain control
4 november
How many tanks invaded Budapest in response to Nagy announcing Hungary would leave the Warsaw pact
1000
The Hungarian Uprising is when supporters of Nagy put up a fight against the Soviet invasion and begged the west for support true or false
True
