Elizabeth - essential revision - finished apart from use whiteboards for government Flashcards
how should people treat those below you in the hierarchy
duty of care
what is the social hierarchy of society and towns (6 / 5)
nobles
gentry
yeoman
tenant farmers
landless and labouring poor
vagrants and homeless
merchants
professionals
business owners
skilled craftsmen
unskilled labourers and unemployed
what is a guild
an organisation created by skilled craftsmen
monitors standards and working conditions
give 2 examples of religious festivals
plough Sunday in January where ploughs were blessed
harvest festival - giving thanks for a plentiful harvest
the Catholic Church was seen as needing reform for what 3 reasons
greedy, corrupt and didn’t follow bible properly
protestants wanted the bible translated from __to ___
latin to English
protestants wanted to remove the catholic position of the ___
pope
protestants didn’t think __, __ or ___were necessary (church leaders) but they accepted ___
cardinals,
bishops
archbishops
priests
bible and church services should be in ___according to protestants
English
sins can only be forgiven by ___according to protestants but catholics believe they can be forgiven by ___
God, church
Catholics believe in ___during mass but protestants don’t
transubstantiation
priests shouldn’t wear special ___according to protestants
clothing
churches should be ___so as not to distract from contemplation of God
plain/simple
there are __sacraments in catholicism but only __in protestantism
7, 2
in protestantism priests can/cannot marry
cannot
in 1558, most bishops were ____
catholic
what is a diocese
an area looked after by a bishop
London and the south east were more strongly ____and lichfield and the north west were more strongly ___
protestant
catholic
Why was London and the south east more protestant
protestant books from the German states (NOT GERMANY AS DIDNT EXIST)and Netherlands circulated as they came through London and ports
many protestants, during Mary I reign escaped to where
Netherlands - a tolerant protestant state
puritans didn’t want what
a monarch as head of church
give 3 parts of the religious settlement
act of supremacy act of uniformity royal injunctions
what did the act of supremacy do
made Elizabeth supreme governor of C of E and all clergy and royal officials had to swear an oath of allegiance to her as head of church
set up ecclesiastical high commission to maintain discipline within church and enforce the religious settlement
what did the act of uniformity do generally
established appearances of churches and the form of church services
what were royal injunctions generally
instructions from sir William Cecil to reinforce acts of supremacy and uniformity
who issued the royal injunctions
sir William Cecil
what book was introduced by the act of uniformity which set out how church services should be performed?
book of common prayer
the wording of the book of common prayer was very/not very clear which meant what
not very clear
catholics could interpret that transubstantiation could happen but Protestant could treat communion as an act of remembrance
what did the book of common prayer say about priests wearing special clothing
that they should wear it
the act of uniformity issued a fine if you dint attend church on Sundays or on extra holy days, how much was this fine
1 shilling per absence
a one shilling fine could be a whole___ pay for many labourers
weeks
the royal injunctions stated that all clergy had to teach ___
royal supremacy
the royal injunctions stated that no one could __without a license from the government
preach
pilgrimages were banned by ___
royal injunction
what was the income of Elizabeth at the start
286 667
when was debasement of coinage
1540s
when did Elizabeth pass the peace of Troyes
1564
what did the peace of Troyes do
officially cede control of calais to france
when did MQS flee Scotland
1568
when was Lammas days
2 August
when was st swithin’s day
15 July
what % of wages went to church annually (tithe)
10
when elizabth banned visiting sites of ‘fake’ miracles - the catholics liked this as well as the protestants because____
catholics thought their sites were ‘real’ and hence allowed while protestants liked stopping the fake monument visiting
who was the pope at the time of religious settlements
pope pius IV
how many out of 10 000 clergy accepted the settlement
8 000
only ___out of all bishops agreed to take the oath of supremacy as part of the act of supremacy
1
Elizabeth appointed __new bishops after the religious settlement
27
bishops carried out ___3-4times per year
visitations
give 3 examples of moral crimes dealt with by church courts
marriage, bigamy and adultery and slander
parish clergy in towns often dealt with extra bad stuff due to overcrowding such as …
poverty, disease, smallpox and plague and vagrancy
the first visitations in___led to ___clergy being dismissed
1559
400
Elizabeth made it clear that she didn’t want ___
the settlement enforced too strongly
during visitations it wasn’t just churches that were inspected but __as well
other professions like teachers and surgeons - the church therefore monitored things for the government
what were the two areas of controversy for puritans over the RS
crucifixes and clothing
what did puritans see crucifixes as
idols
the queen originally wanted ___in churches but when many puritan bishops threatened to resign she did what
crucifixes
backed down
why did elizabth back down when puritan clergy threatened to resign over the crucifixes issue
there weren’t enough protestant clergy to fulfil the positions
when did____issue the book of advertisements to set out guidelines for what priests should wear
Matthew Parker
1566
of the 110 priests invited to be shown what vestments to wear and when __didnt attend and hence lost their posts
37
puritanism was concentrated where
Oxford, Cambridge, London and east anglia
when was the puritan manifesto written and was it accepted by the government or not
1572 - admonition to parliament
what was the campaign against Protestantism known as
the counter reformation
when did the pope issue an instruction saying that priests shouldn’t attend church services
1566
authorities were ordered not to investigate ___too closely so as not to create __
recusants
martyrs
what fraction of the nobility were recusants
1/3
Elizabeth’s favourite nobles were from new/old nobility or not even from the nobility
new
give an example of a new noble family
dudley - robert dudley
give an example of a non noble family
Cecil
which two earls were Catholic and prosperous under Mary I
Earls of northumberland and Westmorland
give an example of a powerful European catholic family
Hapsburg family
the ___empire, __empireand the __ ___empires were all catholic
spanish, austria, holy roman
when did religious war break out in France
1562
when had elizabth helped Scottish protestants rebel
1560
the religious war in France began and ended in __
1562
when was the treaty of toyes
1564
by helping protestants in France the only thing elizabth had achieved was pissing off ___
king Philip II of Spain
when was elizabth excommunicated
1570
who did the Netherlands belong to
king Philip II of spain
when did Philip II of Spain ban the exporting of English cloth to the Netherland and why
he thought it was encouraging the spread of protestantism 1563
what did elizabth do to retaliate against Phillip’s banning of cloth exports from England to Netherlands
set up a trade embargo against Netherlands
how long did elizabeths trade embargo against Netherlands last
1 year
after Mary I died ___proposed to Elizabeth but she refused - this still suggests he hoped England would be a good ally
king Philip II
king Philip II brought the ___to the Netherlands leading to ___in ____
spanish inquisition
dutch revolt
1566
when was the dutch revolt put down after ___soldiers were sent to the Netherlands
10 000
1568
Duke of alba (Spanish) established the ___in the Netherlands after the dutch revolt was defeated
council of troubles - nicknamed council of blood
what did the council of blood do
sentenced many dutch protestants to death - many fled to England
how large was. the duke of albas army
10 000
what were the dutch rebels known as
sea beggars
when did Elizabeth seize the genoese loan
1568
describe what happened in the genoese loan
Genoa lent gold to Spain and the ships carrying it sheltered in English ports
Elizabeth seized it arguing it belonged to genoese bankers
what were the genoese ships taking shelter from
sea beggars
when did MQS flee to England from Scotland
1568
when was the Scottish protestant lords rebellion
1559
when did the Scottish protestant lords rebellion end
1560
when does Mary I return to Scotland after her husband Francis II of France dies
1561
when does MQS marry lord Darnley
1565
when does James I get born
1566
when is lord Darnley murdered and who does MQS marry instead
1567 - earl of Bothwell
when do Scottish protestant lords rebel against MQS and force her to abdicate and imprison her
1567
when does MQS escape prison and flee to England
1568
when is Mary I placed under house arrest in England
1569
what relation was MQS to Henry 8th
great granddaughter
what relation was MQS to elizabth
second cousin
when did elizabth help protestant lords defeat Mary of guise in the rebellion
1560
what did the Scottish rebellion end with and what did It state
the treaty of Edinburgh 1560 - it said Mary would give up her claim to the English throne
to take action against MQS, an anointed monarch would also reduce ___’s status and authority
Elizabeth’s
Mary being handed over to the Scottish lords would anger who
france - as MQS had been married to king Francis II of Spain
what there any conclusion to the casket letters affair which led to conferences 1968-69
no - as elizabeth wouldn’t try an anointed monarch (but also didn’t want the French to be annoyed if she murdered MQS) when protestants tried to prove she had plotted to murder lord Darnley (due to love letters supposedly from MQS to lord Darnley)
from ___catholic priests were smuggled into England to help keep English catholics true to the faith
1574
what were 4 threats to Elizabeth early reign
MQS, Dutch, spain, catholics at home
when was the revolt of the northern earls
1569
give 4 reasons the northern earls rebelled
MQS was in England as a suitable contender
wanted catholicism restore
had lost influence in elizabeths new court
no heir
give 6 key rebels
Charles neville
Jane neville
Thomas howard
Thomas Percy
ann Percy
MQS
both __and ___encouraged their husbands to rebel
ann Percy
Jane neville
which two earls involved in the revolt of the northern earls were catholic
earl of Westmorland, Charles neville
and the earl of northumberland, Thomas Percy
when did Elizabeth create a protestant archbishop of durham and what was his name
1561 - James Pilkington
James Pilkington was popular/unpopular due to his efforts to impose protestantism
unpopular
earls of westmorland and northumberland resented their sudden lack of influence in court and the rising influence of new protestants like ____ and _____
William Cecil
Robert dudley
who was the Duke of Norfolk
Thomas howard
why did the court want Mary to marry Thomas Howard the duke of ___
norfolk
he was protestant, when they had kids they would have a protestant heir to the throne
why were many in the court uncertain and worried about arranging the marriage between Duke of Norfolk Thomas ___and MQS
howard
marriage and successorship was a matter of the royal prerogative and the marriage needed the queen’s consent and Duke of Norfolk had catholic tendencies and sympathies
when did who reveal the plot of the revolt of the northern earls to Elizabeth
Robert dudley - september 1569
what was stage 1 of the revolt of the northern earls
earl of northumberland and Westmorland to raise forces and take control of durham
what was stage 2 of the revolt of the northern earls
rebels march south to join Duke of Norfolk
what was stage 3 of the revolt of 1569
several thousand Spanish troops to land at hartlepool
Duke of ____+ rebels from the earls + Spanish troops to seize ____ and overthrow Elizabeth
norfolk
London
what is stage 6 of the revolt of 1569
MQS to be freed and marry Duke of Norfolk
what was elizabeths first response to the revolt of 1569
send the duke of Norfolk to the tower on 1 nov
the earls of Westmorland and northumberland, despite the key player in their rebellion being Locked up in the tower did what
carried on anyways and took control of Durham
give 2 reasons the 1569 rebellion failed
Spanish troops didnt show up and Elizabeth raised an army of 14 000 men
how many rebels were executed to instil fear in the northern population after the 1569 revolt
450
how large were the rebel forces held by the earl of Westmorland and northumberland
5 400
which earl was captured and eventually executed
northumberland - 1572 and his head was put on a spike
when was the papal bull
1570
what was elizabeths response to the papal bull
she passed an act of parliament in 1571 that made it illegal to call her a heretic and illegal to print papal bulls in England
the revolt of 1569 ended the influence of what families
the Percys and Nevilles
who excommunicated Elizabeth
pope pius 5
what did the papal bull on Catholics to do
depose Elizabeth
when did Elizabeth send a protestant to lead the council of the north
1572
WHICH PROTESTANT DID ELIZABETH SEND TO LEAD THE COUNCIL OF THE NORTH AND SUPPRESS CATHOLICISM
EARL OF HUNTINGDON
when was the ridolfi plot
1571
who was Roberto fidolfi
an Italian banker and spy for the pope
the same as the revolt of 1569 - who was MQS to be married to
the duke of Norfolk
which 3 people did Roberto ridolfi discuss the plot with
pope, Philip II and Duke of Alba
Philip II told alba to prepare how many men if necessary to invade in the ridolfi plot
10 000
who uncovered the ridolfi plot
William Cecil
when was duke of Norfolk executed
June 1572
after the ridolfi plot, Elizabeth focussed on improving relations with who
france
the revolt of the northern earls failed in part because of what
northern landowners were uncertain about helping the plot as they didn’t want to risk losing wealth and many in Lancashire and Cheshire were loyal to Elizabeth
what was the duke of Norfolk guilty of due to evidence gathered by William Cecil about the ridolfi plot
high treason
parliament demanded the execution of what two people after the ridolfi plot
MQS and the duke of Norfolk - Elizabeth only killed one of them
when did catholic priests start to be smuggled into England
1574
where were priests kept
in priest holes
when were two laws passed against Catholics as a result of the ridolfi plot
1581
what did the laws of 1581 say about catholics
recusants to be fined £20 - lots of money
attempting to convert to catholicism = treason
the ridolfi plot confirmed that what country was still a threat
spain
when was the throckmorton plot
1583
who was to marry MQS in the throckmorton plot
French Duke of Guise
what would Philip II provide in the throckmorton plot
financial support
who was the act as the go between with Mary in the throckmorton plot
Francis throckmorton
how was the pope connected to the throckmorton plot
he knew of and approved of the plans
who was Secretary of State from 1573
sir franc Walsingham
who was arrested first in the throckmorton plot
Francis throckmorton - November 1583
when was Francis throckmorton tortured and executed
1584
what was the plan of the throckmorton plot
French Duke of guise would invade England, free MQS and restore Catholicism and Marry her
throckmortons papers discovered at his house had a list of what
catholic sympathisers in England - confirms Liz’s fears of the catholic threat and puts many in danger
how many Catholics imprisond or kept under surveillance/house arrest after the throckmorton plot 1583
11 000
when was it made punishable by death to shelter or help catholic priests
1585
when was the BAbington plot
1586
what wa the idea of the babington plot
to execute Elizabeth
for the French Duke of guise to invade with 60 000 men and put Mary on the thronew
which two people supported the babington plot of 1586
Philip II of Spain and the pope
who was the go between in the babington plot
Anthony babington
who uncovered the babington plot
sir francis Walsingham
Francis Walsingham got the names of how many Catholics involved in the babington plot and arrested them
6
when was Mary QS tried by privy council
October 1586
when did Elizabeth finally sign MQS’s death warrant
feb 1587
Elizabeth arrested how many recusants in north London alone
300
how many priests executed after the babington plot
31
what act stated that if Elizabeth was assassinated then MQS would be barred from succession
1585 act for the preservation of the queen’s safety
in January 1587 what were there rumours of
the idea that Spanish troops had landed in Wales and that Mary had escaped
when MQS died who did she leave her claim to the English throne to
king Philip II of Spain
sir Francis walsignham had a mix of trained spies and ___
ordinary people
by 1580, Walsingham had agents in how many towns in France
12
what did walsignham use to hide his plans
ciphers
give an example of a catholic priest who was held in the tower and offered services as a spy in return for a pardon
John hart
what type of people (French word) did Walsingham use to catch naughty people
agents provocateurs
when was John hart held in the tower
1581
what did Walsingham say about torture
without torture I know we shall not prevail
during elizabeths reign how many priests were executed
130
give an example of an agent provocateur used by Francis walsignham
gilbert gifford
give an example of Francis walsignham using a person who could decipher things
Thomas phelippes
give elizabeths 3 foreign policy aims
developing trade to benefit economy
protect borders/throne
avoid war
what was the new world
north and South America
what was a privateer
merchant or explorer who would do pirating (capture ships etc) with the support of government
give 2 barriers involving Spain to England’s trade
Spain controlled lots of the new world
as well as controlling the Netherlands (a key route into European markets)
anyone who wanted to trade in the new world needed what from Spain
a license
give 3 valuables in the new world
silver, sugar, tobacco
what did many English merchants/privateers do in the new world
traded illegally without a licence and raided Spanish ships
when was Francis drake hired as a privateer
1572
give an example of Francis drake’s pirating
1570-71 he captured Spanish ships and seized their cargoes
when drake went to Panama he collected how much Spanish silver
£40 000
when did drake return to England and was he welcomed or not
1573 - no as liz was working on relations with Spain but she only publicly didn’t welcome him, privately she was happy
when did drake set off for the new world again after returning home in 1573
1577
when did Francis circumnavigate the globe
1577-80
drake was the first ___to circumnavigate the globe
Englishman
which ship did he have left by the time he reached the pacific (drake)
the golden hind
what region did drake claim for liz
new Albion (north California)
when drake returned how much Spanish treasure did he bring back
£400 000
What did liz do to thank Francis when he returned
knighted him
what did catholics see protestants as
an evil that had to be stamped out
who did Elizabeth offer the promise of a marriage alliance with in the 1570s and why
Duke of alencon
she wanted to get the Spanish to give the dutch their independence back
why was it risky to support dutch protestants rebelling in the Netherlands
Philip II might aid catholic rebels in England
when did the Spanish government in the Netherlands get bankrupted
1576
when did Spanish forces ransack Antwerp
November 1576 - as they had been going for months without pay
what was the Spanish fury
when Spanish soldiers ransacked Antwerp due to lack of pay as the government had been bankrupted by the cost of war
what did the Spanish fury do
unite the 17 dutch provinces against Spain and lead to the pacification of Ghent
what 3 things did the pacification of Ghent demand
all spanish troops to leave Netherlands
restore political autonomy
end religious persecution
how much money did Elizabeth loan to the Dutch rebels after the pacification of Ghent
£100 000
when did the Spanish agree to the pacification of Ghent and who came to agree to it personally
Don Juan the kings brother
February 1577
what did Elizabeth agree to send to the dutch after the pacification of Ghent as well as the money
an expeditionary force
when the Spanish invaded the Netherlands again (only 6 months after agreeing to the pacification of Ghent) what did Elizabeth do
raised an army of volunteer mercenaries to destroy the Spanish one
who led elizabeths army of volunteer mercenaries and how big was it
John Casimir 6 000
how did elizabeths response to the Spanish invasion of Netherlands after 1577 backfire
casimir devastated Catholic Churches and made the dutch catholics accepting of Spanish influence due to their dislike of the English influence
why was it important that Elizabeth only sent volunteer mercenaries
this meant she wasn’t actually starting war
which duke agreed to help the English see off the Spanish in the Netherlands in 1578
Duke of alencon
when did the Duke of parma start leading the Spanish troops and give Spain the upper hand in the Netherlands
1579
which English leader was able to rally the dutch states against Spain in 1578
William of orange
when did Casimir violently attack Catholic Churches in the Netherlands
1579
when did the Duke of alencon withdraw form the ntherlnads
1579
how much money im support did Elizabeth give the Duke of alencon
70 000£
when did Spain take over Portugal
1580
when did the Duke of alencon die
10 June 1584o
when was William of orange assassinated
10 July 1584
when was the treaty of joinville signed and what did it do
1584 - linked French catholic league and Spain against the dutch protestants
loss of silver from privateering and pirating made the Spanish government in the Netherlands ______and stopped it paying its soldiers
bankrupt
when did dutch protestants offer Elizabeth sovereignty over the Netherlands and what did she say
June 1585 - nope
when was the treaty of nonsuch signed, who was it between and what did it say
august 1585 - dutch protestants and Elizabeth
that Liz would help the dutch rebels in the Netherlands - giving an army of 7400 under the control of Robert dudley
who was Robert dudley the earl of
leicester
when did Elizabeth send Francis drake off to raid the new world
October 1585
when did spain tell the pope he was going to invade England
1585 (end)
when was the treaty of Berwick and what did it say
1586 - Liz and James 6th would maintain protestantism and help each other
when did Robert dudley accept a title as leader of the Netherlands and what was it
January 1586 - governor general of the Netherlands
was Elizabeth happy or sad with the news that Robert dudley had accepted the title of governor general of the Netherlands
sad - Angry
what two English military leaders in the Netherlands defected to the Spanish side
sir William stanley and Rowland York
what did the defection of sir William Stanley and rowland York mean for the English’s fight in the Netherlands
the dutch protestants didn’t trust dudley as much
why didn’t dudley have enough men or supplies in the Netherlands
liz was still hoping to negotiate and didn’t really want a full blown war
dudley stopped the duke of parma taking any what
deep water ports
when did liz finally recall dudley from the Netherlands
1587 (end of)
what was the difference between liZ and Dudley’s aims in Netherlands
liz wanted a return to the autonomous government but still under the Spanish that the Netherlands was in 1548 but dudley wanted to liberate it
when did spain start preparing the armada
January 1586
what deep water port did dudley stop the Duke of parma from capturing
ostend
when was the singeing of the king of Spain’s beard
April 1587
how many ships were destroyed in the singeing of the king of Spain’s beard
30
where was the singeing of the king of Spain’s beard
cadiz
how did drake get spain to stop building the armada and how long did he delay its construction
he raided ports in the new world - by a year
why is MQS NOT the cause of the Spanish Armada
it took place around 1585 (preparations started then)
give 3 causes of the Spanish Armada
religion
politics
provocation
how many ships in the Spanish armada, how many guns and how many men
130 - 2431 - 30 000
who led the Spanish Armada
duke of medina-sidonia
who was the duke of Medina sidonia to join up with when they sailed to the Netherlands
duke of parma
how many troops would arrive at Kent in the plan for the Spanish Armada
27000
what was the aim of the Spanish armada
to march on London and overthrow Elizabeth and impose a Catholic government of England
who had advised years before. the armada that the English warships needed to be fast and easily manoeuvrable
John hawkins
what were the English army ships called
galleons
the cannons on the English ships were __and more easily reloaded
smaller
by 1588 how many galleons did the English have
only 24 - not enough to beat the armada
why were the Spanish provisions stored in barrels with bad quality wood
the singeing of the king of Spain’s beard in April 1587 had meant new ones had to be made quickly
what two things meant that the armada had been at sea for __weeks before it met the English
10 - bed weather and delays in setting sail
how many hours was it going to take for the duke of parma to get the troops on board the main fleet (by carrying them in little boats) and why
48 hours -as the duke of parma didn’t control any deep water ports so the Duke of Medina sidonia couldn’t come to him
how long did it take for communications between the duke of parma and Medina sidonia to pass between them
1 week
how many ships were captured when the English and Spanish met in Plymouth and which side captured the ships from the other
2 - English captured Spanish
during the battle of the Isle of Wight the British could fire __times as many cannon balls
6
who decided to conserve cannon balls for the deciding battle in the English fleet
earl of Nottingham
when was the battle of gravelines
8 August 1588
what did the British do on the 6 august 1588
sent fireships at night to the armada
how did the fireships affect the Spanish Armada
they scattered them - rather than doing much damage
at the battle of grave lines did the Duke of Medina sidonia have the Duke of parma’s ships
no
what was most of the destruction to the Spanish fleet done by
winds which blew Spanish shops up to the Scottish and Irish coasts when they tried to return home - it killed thousands
Elizabeth left key decisions in the Spanish Armada to which 3 military commanders
lord Seymour, earl of Nottingham and Francis drake
Philip II ignored who
HIS MILITARY COMMANDERS
what did elizabeths protrait say after the ;Spanish Armada and what was this a victory of
God blew, and they were sacttered]
propaganda - it seemed to favour protestantism
what impact did the Spanish Armada have on the anglo dutch alliance
it made it stronger as it encouraged dutch rebels to fight a weakened spain
what impact did the armada have on the English navy
positive one - made them feel strong and ready to explore
what is the name of the portrait Elizabeth commissioned after the armada
the armada portrait
what was the purpose of education
to prepare you for your social role - not social mobility
who believed that education was important in its own right to fulfil potential and stop superstition
humanists
how did protestantism encourage literacy
it made people read the bible in English to develop a connection with God personally
how did the development of trade affect the need for education
basic education need increased
give 3 examples of the subjects studied by the nobility
latin, greek, history, philosophy, government, theology
true or false: noble women never studied latin, greek government etc
false - some like Liz did
give 3 examples of extra skills that upper class women also partook in
archery, horse riding and needlework and music
noble children were tutored where
at home
give 3 examples of sports thought fit only for noble men
swimming and fencing and wrestling
by what age were boys and girls of noble families taught separately
7
children of nobles were sent where to finish their education
another noble household
what would girls who went to another noble family doing
making useful social contacts and perfecting skills
how many grammar schools were founded in the 1560s
42
how many grammar schools founded in the 1570s
30
what was the change from and to for schooling in Elizabethan England
church schools providing minimal education to grammar schools
what were grammar schools for
bright boys of the middling sorts of families
give 3 examples of families who could send sons to grammar schools
gentry, professionals and wealth business owners
where were middle class girls educated and by who
their mothers at home
what were fees for grammar schools based on
how much money you earned
true or false: some lower class boys could attend grammar schools and didn’t have to pay fees
true
who were places for lower class boys in grammar schools funded by
wealthy people that left the school money to do so in their wills
what two holidays were allowed at school
Christmas and easter
how long were school days
10 hours
when did school begin
6 or 7 am
give 3 example of the philosophers that boys were taught about in grammar schools
Aristotle, plato and virgil and seneca
give 3 extra curricular that were included in the school day
wrestling running chess and archery
what skill was very important in elizabethan times
debating
there was school on __morning as well as in the week
Saturday
there was lots of ___in the school timetable
recitation
how many boys were monitors
2
give 5 punishments in elizabethan England
being ‘on report’
exclusion
kept in at break
expulsion
corporal punishment like caning
there were separate grammar schools for the sons of ___which had alternative curriculums
merchants and craftsmen
give 3 examples of the more practical subjects taught to the sons of merchants and craftsmen
English arithmetic and geography
what did the education of yeomen and skilled craftsmen involve
apprenticeships
what 2 things did going to school or not depend on
whether the family could spare the child
whether they valued education
what were petty schools
schools in a teacher’s home in which English reading and writing and basic arithmetic was taught
punishment in petty schools was harsh/lenient
harsh
was petty school on its own or a precursor to grammar school
precursor
by ___every town had a grammar school
1577
what schools would girls attend
dame schools
who were dame schools run by
a local, educated woman
give 4 skills dame schools gave women
sewing, preserving food, making, first aid (treating simple ailments and injuries)
what % of men and what % of women were literate by the end of elizabeths reign
30
10
what were literacy rates for men and women at the start of elizabeths reign
20
10
why did literacyrates not increase for women during liz’s reign
many couldn’t afford for women to go to school
what two universities were there in elizabethan England
Oxford and Cambridge
when did you start university
14 or 15
give 3 examples of university courses you could study
astronomy, music, logic, rhetoric, geometry
give 3 examples of doctorates (highest qualification possible) that you could get
medicine, law, divinity
why did Elizabeth set up Jesus college in 1571
to educate protestant clergy
what trained lawyers
the Inns of Court in London
who did parish schools teach
children of yeomen and craftsmen
what were grammar schools for ages
10-14
give 5 sports completed by the nobility and gentry
hunting, hawking, fishing, fencing, real tennis
which sports could noble women not partake in
fencing and real tennis
did men of all social classes every play sports together
no
what two sports were popular with men of all classes
wrestling and swimming
what is one difference between the sport of wrestling with noblemen vs ordinary men
noblemen did it in private, ordinary men didn’t
what would people do on the sidelines of wrestling
gamble on the outcome
who was football for
lower class men
football was nice/violent and people were/werent killed
violent were
were there or were there not rules to football
no rules
what entertainment was for all classes (not theatre)
watching animals fight to the death
give 3 examples of watching animals fight
bear baiting and cock fighting and bull baiting
what would happen in bear baiting
bear’s teeth broken and chained to post and dogs unleashed against it
what was bull baiting
dogs set on a chained bull
what would cocks wear in cock fighting
metal spurs on their heads
was cock fighting for all classes or not?
all classes
which group disapproved of cock fighting
puritans -as the fights were held on Sundays
what form of entertainment (not theatre) was more popular in the elizabethan times
literature
give an example of a popular subject of literature in elizabethan times
history
give an example of a popular text in elizabethan times
Chaucer’s Canterbury tales
most well educated people wrote what
poetry
why did theatre develop
protestantism
what was the common form of plays at the start of elizabeths reign
mystery plays
what did mystery plays feature
bible stories and stories of saints
what were mystery plays thought ti be for
for the catholic church to control interpretations of the bible
why did Elizabeth put a stop to mystery plays
she thought they would encourage religious violence
theatre became ___
secular
why were secular plays more exciting
people dint know the ending
what type of pay was popular
comedies
what was the name of Robert Dudley’s theatre company
Leicester’s men
when did Elizabeth establish her own theatre troop and when
1583 - the Queen’s Men
what began to appear due to rising interest in theatre
purpose built theatres
where were plays put on before purpose built theatres
in the courtyards of inns
give the first purpose built theatre
the red lion
when was the red lion constructed
1567
when was the rose constructed
1587
was theatre popular with all or one class
all
were women allowed to act
no
there could be queues or how many people for a performance
2000
what could poor people pay for the theatre
1 penny
where would poor people watch performances form
standing in the pit
where was the most expensive place to sit
directly above the stage - as you could be seen by everyone
give 3 examples of elizabethan instruments
lutes, spinets and harpsichord’s
what 2 instruments were popular with the lower classes
bagpipes and fiddles
could women be paid musicians
no
where/wehn would lower classes listen to music
fairs, markets or public occasions, churches, taverns, streets
when would wealthy people listen to music
feasts/meals
how did the development of secular theatre affect musical development
new music developed to accompany the new plays and new instruments
dancing brought what two groups together
men and women
what is another word for charity
alms
what are itinerants
people who have moved away from home parish in search of work
when was there a survey of the poor in Norwich
1570
what % of the poor in norwhich were under 16
40
why were families headed by women poorer
women were paid less
during the reign of Elizabeth what did population grow by
35%
what grew especially fast in elizabeths reign
towns
why did the price of food in towns rise
towns didn’t grow food and there was a rising urban population
why did prices for food rise particularly
bad harvests
what prices rose highest of all
grain prices - and bread was the largest part of people’s diets
why did poverty increase as prices rose
wages didn’t rise - as many were in search of work snd employers cut wages to keep costs low
why did land become more expensive
demand for land grew and so rents got higher
entry fees for taking over land went up as well
and enclosure
English wool was what % of exports in Elizabeth’s reign
81.6%
the high wool prices meant farming what was very profitable
sheep
give 3 reasons sheep farming increased poverty
it took over common land
it didn’t require as much labour as crop farming so unemployment rose
some crops were only grown for animals to eat
what 2 things did enclosure lead to
rural depopulation and unemployment
what did enclosure do
replaced large open fields with lots of individual fields belonging to different people
give 1 agricultural reason for enclosure
up and down husbandry - where arable farming would be done one year and livestock the next so that the soil could recover and produce a better yeilds
more efficient farming led to what
unemployment
common land which was used for subsistence farming was increased/decreased by enclosure
decreased
what % of English land was enclosed by the end of the 1500s
only 2-3 - actually not a massively large scale issue
who did vagabondage concern
the government and nobles
where did many poor people live in london
outside the city walls
what was financial help for the poor known as
poor relief
what was poor relief supplied by
the local poor rate
what was poor relief seen as
a christian duty
what was another word fr the deserving poor
impotent poor
what was another word for the able bodied poor
the idle poor
what was the punishment for able bodied poor
whipping or imprisonment
give 3 periods in which the cloth trade was bad
63-64
68-73
86-88
Elizabeth started to adopt a more ___approach to poor relief
national
why was 1572 a turning point for treatment of the poor
it established a national poor rate
and gave towns responsibility to provide work for able bodied poor instead of punishing them
when were the 3 poor laws
1563, 1572, 1576
what was the aim of the statue of artificers and when was it
to collect poor relief - 1563
what could the fine for officials failing to organise poor relief be according to the 1563 statue of artificers
£20
what was the aim of the 1572 vagabonds act
to deter vagrancy
what did the 1572 vagabonds act say
vagrants could be whipped and hole drilled through each ear
and death penalty on 3rd offence
established national poor rate
said towns responsible for giving work to able bodied poor
what did the 1576 poor relief act do
distinguished between able bodied and impotent poor and help able bodied find work
where were those who refused to work sent
houses of correction
how did JPs provide work for the able bodied poor
gave them raw materials to make stuff to sell
give en example of local differences in the way the poor were treated
Ipswich had a poor relief system developed before many other places - for example a school for poor children and a hospital for those who were poor due to illness
why was it important for the elizabethans to find places to sell stuff
81.6% OF EXPORTS WAS CLOTH
what 3 places was the triangular trade between
Central America, Europe, (England and spain) and west Africa
who first brought slaves back from Africa and when
John hawkins in 1562
who did John Hawkins sell slaves to
Spanish colonists in Central America
what did people look for in north and South America
the north west passage - a supposedly quicker way of getting to the far east
why did many young elizabethan men want to explore
adventure - they had read about many ventures into the americas as well
give an example of how navigation was becoming more precise
Thomas Harriot in 1584 worked out a way of using the sun to calculate the sailing direction of a ship
give 2 technological advancements about getting a more accurate picture of a ships position
quadrants and astrolabes
what did quadrants and astrolabes use to navigate
the stars
printed books about voyages were becoming more/less common
more
give an example of a more accurate map developed and when
mercator map - 1569
who was the mercator map developed by
Gerardus mercator
what made the mercator map special
he used lines of latitude and longitude
how did printing make navigation better
fewer mistakes and inconsistencies in them as they had previously been copied by hand
what did galleons allow for
longer distance journeys with more supplies on board
why were galleons easier to manouvre
lateen - triangular sails on the mizzen mast
what did galleons have to defend themselves
cannons all along the ship to defend against piracy
what was the purpose of drakes voyage in 1577
to raid spanish colonies
how many of drakes and Hawkins sailors were killed in an attack by the Spanish at st Juan de ulua
325
drakes treasure haul in total is estimated at how much
£ 500 million
why did drake name nova Albion as the queen’s kingdom
he was treated with hospitality by the natives when the golden hind was in need of repair in June 1579
when did sir Humphrey Gilbert make his first voyage to set up a colony in North America
1578
when was Walter Raleigh given a grant by liz to explore and settle in North America
1584
when does sir Humphrey Gilbert make a second journey to North America and fail again and then die on the way home
1583
why did raleigh not head the Virginia colonies himself
liz liked him too much
give 4 things raleigh did for expeditions
organised and raised funds for the journey
promoted voyage
set blueprint for further voyages
appointed a governor of Virginia
when did raleigh send a fact finding mission to Virginia
1584
the native Americans were nice/not nice to the English
nice
what did the English trade with the native Americans
metal knives for food like nuts and berries
what was the name of the Native American people already in Virginia
Algonquian people
what was the name of the paramount chief in Virginia
wingina
what 2 people were brought back to England and when
1584 manteo and Wanchese
who then learnt and created a dictionary of Algonquian
Thomas Harriot
what did liz give raleigh to set up Virginia
ships and guns worth £400
give 2 things that encouraged merchants to invest in Virginia expeditions
Elizabeth invested by giving ships and guns
and raleigh promised to take any Spanish ships he came across
and raleigh invested allot of his own money
how many colonists was raleigh planning to have
300
give 4 types of people raleigh wanted as colonists
soldiers, clergy, hunters, landowners, farmers, artisans (such as blacksmiths and tanners)
when was Raleigh planning to sail
in time for sowing crops for a good harvest before winter
give 3 important supplies which Raleigh planned to bring
seeds, water, food, weapons, salt for preserving food
why were lots and lots of seeds needed
you need to make enough crops that some can be used as seed - surplus
what did the Spanish control which raleigh needed animals from
caribbean
how many colonists did raleigh end up with
107
what fraction of the colonists were soldiers
half
what slightly odd person was brought on the voyage
a mathematician
give the 3 leaders of the Virginia expedition
Richard grenville
Ralph lane
Thomas Harriot
what was the role of Richard Grenville
expedition commander
who did Richard Grenville not get on with
Ralph lane
was Richard Grenville loved or feared
feared
what was Grenville experienced with
sailor and soldier
what was Ralph lane an expert in
fort building
did Ralph lane have a growth can do mindset or a fixed mindset
growth can do
what was the role of Thomas harriot
translator and cartographer
Thomas Harriot was skilled at making what
maps
give 3 ships out of the 5 which ralpeigh sent to Virginia
lion, tiger and Elizabeth and dorothy and roebuck
what did the tiger carry
perishables - meat, veg, beer, wine, seeds and grain
when did the ships leave England
9 April 1585
where did the ships land
roanoke
how was Virginia in a good location to attack spain
not to far from Florida and the Caribbean but far enough away to be safe
what was Virginia good for economically
trade - especially as the Netherlands was not good for trade at this point
why was the second attempt to colonise (1587-90) a failure
its a mystery
give 3 geographical/climatic reasons for the failure of Virginia
arrived too late to plant crops
many were ill when arrived
hot, humid, lots of mosquitoes - food rotted fast
a bread in the hull of the ___led to seeds being ruined
tiger
when the colonists couldn’t make their own food they were dependent on who
native Americans
men had been told that Virginia was idyllic and it was going to be an easy ride so they were not very prepared to do what
work hard and forage
the gentlemen in the colonists refused to do what
work
what had the gentlemen expected to do go get labour
use native Americans - but they didn’t stand for it
what 2 issues did the soldiers have
ill disciplined and didn’t have farming skills
how many soldiers were executed
at least one
what did the colonists not have enough of
farmers - too many craftsmen without the raw materials
give 4 possible causes of the failure of Virginia
voyage, colonists, Native American resistance and inexperience
English ___techniques didn’t work in the shallow waters around Roanoke
fishing
what was spoiled when the tiger was damaged which stopped what
gunpowder - hunting game
why did wingina turn against the settlers
constant demands for food
and he thought the English had supernatural powers that the English were using against them - as the English brought disease
by ___there were violent clashes
1586
when was wingina killed
1586
when did the colonists arrive home
July 1586
how many women on the second voyage
17
who was killed on the second voyage to Roanoke
George howe
there were more violent clashes and the natives were already hating the English on the first/second voyage to Roanoke
second
no trace of the colonists was ever found instead just the word __carved on a post
Croatoan - perhaps they relocated to that settlement or were killed by them
