testing testing 2 Flashcards
of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume?
vital capacity
the first event in expiration is
the diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax
the right lung is composed of ___ lobes; the left lung is composed of ___ lobes.
superior middle and inferior; superior and inferior
when carbon dioxide bonds to hemoglobin, the compound ___ is formed
carbaminohemoglobin
the pharynx functions as a ___, whereas the larynx functions as a ___.
common passageway for air and food, passageway for air only
which of the following muscles are useful in aiding forced expiration?
abdominals
respiratory control centers are located in the ___.
medulla and pons
intrapulmonary pressure is the ___.
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
microorganisms removed from incoming air by sticky mucus are most likely to be destroyed by
the digestive action of gastric juice
which statement about CO2 is FALSE?
more CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs
the first event in inspiration is
the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract
breathing functions to
deliver oxygen to cells, where it takes part in the reactions of cellular respiration that liberate energy from nutrient molecules and get rid of carbon dioxide, maintains the pH of the internal environment
the trachea can be described as
all of these are correct (including about 20 C-shaped cartilage rings, lined with a ciliated mucous membrane, a passageway for air)
which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
pulmonary ventilation
which of the following bones does not possess sinuses?
zygomatic
which of the following proteins is the most important physiologically in the transportation of carbon dioxide by blood?
carbonic anhydrase
which of the following is the correct sequence as air moves into the bronchial tree
primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles
the most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is
increase of carbon dioxide
the renal medulla is composed of ___, whereas the renal cortex is composed of ___.
renal pyramids; renal corpuscles and nephron tubules
which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration?
increased blood pressure
nephrons whose corpuscles are located close to the renal medulla and are responsible for concentrating urine are called
juxtamedullary nephrons
in which of the following portions of the nephron is water actively transported?
none of these is correct
the countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the
nephron loop
whenever sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are
reabsorbed by passive transport
which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end?
proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
the organs of the urinary system are
paired kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
the detrusor muscle is in the
urinary bladder
a renal corpuscle is a ___, whereas a renal tubule is a ___.
tangled cluster of blood capillaries; highly coiled tubule that leads away from the glomerular capsule
an increase in the glomerular osmotic pressure will result in___ the rate of glomerular filtration.
a decrease in
a decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will result in___ the rate of glomerular filtration
a decrease in
the largest quantity of hydrogen ions is secreted
actively into the proximal convoluted tubule
as a result of excessively low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure
drops and filtration decreases
which of the following solutions is the strongest acid?
5.8 (the lowest number)
which of the following is an example of a physiological buffer?
renal mechanism
if the reabsorption of sodium by the renal tubular fluid increases
all of these are correct (plasma volume decreases, osmotic pressure of the renal tubular fluid increases, reabsorption of warter by the renal tubule decreases
which of the following metabolic processes is likely to serve as a source of hydrogen ions in body fluids?
all of these are correct (incomplete oxidation of fatty acids, anaerobic respiration of glucose, oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids)
the acid-base buffer system in blood include
all of these are correct (bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system)
extracellular fluids are characterized by relatively
high sodium and low potassium concentrations
when sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are
secreted
the movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is regulated primary by
hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
the respiratory center is most likely to cause an increase in the breathing rate if
pH of body fluids is decreased
of the compartments of extracellular water, which is the largest?
interstitial fluid
compared to the average adult male, the average adult female body contains relatively
less water and more adipose tissue
if renal absorption of sodium by the renal tubule is inhibited, the
all of these is correct (osmotic pressure of the renal tubular fluid increase, plasma volume decreases, reabsorption of water by the renal tubule decreases)
which of the following body compartment is correctly matched with its location in the body?
extracellular- fluid in tissue spaces, blood in vessels, and lymphatic vessels
a by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is
urea
the reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the
proximal convoluted tubule
which of the following is not considered a function of the kidneys?
formation of plasma proteins
a renal corpuscle includes that
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
once in the glomerulus, the filtrate moves into the
renal tubule
the micturition reflex center is located in the
sacral segments of the spinal cord
the hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the
collecting duct
which of the following correctly lists the order of the structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?
calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
respiration is
the entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells
the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes
carbon dioxide to react with water
the force that can create a difficult situation for the alveoli to inflate and cause them to collapse is
surface tension
which of the following is a function of the mucus-covered nasal passages?
all of these are correct (entrapping small particles, moistening inspired air, warming inspired air)
which of the following is incorrectly described mechanism of CO2 transport?
attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?
rising blood pressure
the visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by
surface tension
the inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as
boyle’s law
inspiration occurs when the ___ is less than the ___.
intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure
the chloride shift
maintains the ionic balance between the red blood cells and the plasma
extensions of the nasal cavity that increases its surface area are called
conchae
how is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?
as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
pulmonary ventilation
the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle is the
tidal volume
which of the following provides the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
alveoli
the force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the
elastic recoil and surface tension
the local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ___.
ventilation- perfusion coupling
the visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by
surface tension
air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ___.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
the cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea
epiglottis
which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition?
the stretching of the bladder wall
a decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will result in ___ the rate of glomerular filtration
a decrease in
the micturition reflex center is located in the
sacral segment of the spinal cord
a renal corpuscle includes the
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
females are at a higher risk of contracting a urinary tract infection because
the female urethra is shorter than the males
once in the glomerulus, the filtrate moves into the
renal tubule
if excessive amounts of water are taken into the body
osmoreceptors in the brain begin to swell
a person in a moderate environment probably would lose the greatest of water by means of
urine
which of the following is most closely represents the percentage of water by weight in an adult male
65%
intracellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes within the
cells
the respiratory center is most likely to cause an increase in the breathing rate if the
pH of body fluids is decreasing
an alkaline solution is one that
combines with hydrogen ions
the male structure that corresponds to the female labia majora is the
scrotum
which of the following correctly describes the mechanism that causes an erection
none of these is correct
The structure the sperm enters upon exiting the vas deferens is the
ejaculatory tube
the correct statement about the uterine cycle
If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo
Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
GnRH
the number of sperm cells that form from a primary spermatocyte is
4
If the testes fail to descend, a male is infertile because sperm cell formation is prevented by
relatively high internal body temperature
the egg, or ovum, is more correctly called
secondary oocyte
Following ovulation, a human egg cell can survive
a few hours
The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ___
In oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced from the parent cell, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from one parent cell.
The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following best describes how?
they regulate the temperature of the testes
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, ___ reaches its highest levels
progesterone
The hormone mainly responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is
estrogen
the critical factor that determines gender during development is
the SRY gene
___ is the movement of semen into the urethra while ___ is the movement of semen out of the urethra
emission; ejaculation
crossover occurs during
prophase I
The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the
clitoris
Women athletes sometimes experience disturbances in their menstrual cycles because of
decreased synthesis of estrogen
the fetal heart structure allow circulating blood to bypass the
lungs
Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placenta barriers
nutrients, respiratory gasses, waste, and alcohol
muscle tissue is formed by the ___
mesoderm
What is the term for the structure that is formed when the sperm and egg pronuclei fuse?
zygote
select the correct statement about fertilization
Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina’s acidic environment
The presence of endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm is first seen in the ___ stage
gastrula
Which of the choices below occurs if implantation is successful?
The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over the hormone-producing functions
Which of the following is NOT one of the primary germ layers?
neuroderm
The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ___
placental tissue
The developing human is considered an embryo for how long?
eight weeks
Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?
human chorionic gonadotropin
In the block to polyspermy, entry of the sperms contents causes ___ levels in the oocytes cytoplasm to rise, triggering the cortical reaction
calcium ion
Implantation takes place about ___ days after fertilization
6
The hormone measured in a pregnancy test is
hCG
a mode of inheritance where a heterozygote expresses an intermediate phenotype between dominant and recessive is called
incomplete dominance
the expressed form of a gene is described as the organisms ___
phenotype
select the statement that best describes the difference between a gene and an allele
genes express a specific trait while alleles are variations of a particular gene that result in the variation we see in the
if you breed two heterozygous individuals you expect to get ___% of the offspring to express the dominant trait
75
An individual that has identical alleles for a gene is
homozygous
For a mutation that is found on a gene on the X chromosome, the phenotype is most commonly seen in
males
The origin of the 46 chromosomes in a human zygote is
half from the sperm and half from the egg
If you breed two heterozygous individuals, you would expect to get a geneotypic ratio of ___ homozygous dominant, ___ heterozygous dominant, ___ homozygous recessive
25, 50, 25
How many alleles exist for a given gene?
Each gene can have a different number of alleles, but each human has two for each gene
sperm cells are stored primarily in the
epididymides
the structure of a testis can be described as composed of
all of these are correct (lobules that are filled with seminiferous tubules, seminiferous tubules lined with germinal epithelium that produces sex cells, seminiferous tubules that unite to form the rete testis, which joins the epididymis)
the interstitial cells of the testes produce
androgens
___ is when homologous chromosomes separate independently or in a random manner
independent assortment
the inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the
endometrium
the duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following?
corpus spongiosum
the ___ guides the descent of the testes in to the lower abdominal cavity
gubernaculum
the female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the
clitoris
egg cells are transported in the female reproductive tract by the ___. whereas sperm are transported in the male reproductive tract by the ___
action of ciliated epithelium in the uterine tube; movements of their tails
which of the following is not a layer of the uterus?
all of these are correct (perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium)
erection of the penis results from ___
a parasympathetic reflex that promotes release of nitric oxide
neural tissue is formed by the ___
ectoderm
the ring of supportive cells around the secondary oocyte that the sperm have to penetrate before reaching the cell membrane is called the
corona radiata
which embryonic structure produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
the syncytiotrophoblast
the early embryo contains two structures. which are they
the trophoblast and inner cell mass
at what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?
fertilization
what is the term for the structure that implants into the endometrium
blastocyst
which of the following is not an extra-embryonic membrane
inner cell mass
how many alleles exist for a given gene?
each gene can have a different number of alleles
a trait that is only expressed in homozygous individuals is know as
recessive
a person with blood type A (unkown genotype) and a person with blood type B (unknown genotype) may have a child that has
blood type A, B, O, or AB
the expressed form of a gene is described as the organisms
phenotype
colorblindness is carried on the X chromosome. if a woman who is a carrier for this trait has a child with a man who is not colorblind, what is the chances that they will have a child with color blindness
25%
a mode of inheritance where a heterozygote expresses an intermediate phenotype between dominant and recessive is called
incomplete dominance
an individual that has identical alleles for a gene is
homozygous
if you breed a homozygous recessive individual to a heterozygote, you expect to get ___% dominant phenotype
50%
the first step in oogenesis is when
a primary oocyte divides to form a secondary oocyte and a polar body
the primary organ of the female reproductive system is the
ovary
which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?
corpus luteum secretion
undifferentiated spermatogenic cells are called
spermatogonia
about the time of ovulation, the anterior pituitary gland releases a surge of
LH
what structure gives rise to the embryonic portion of the placenta
chorion
how many sperm can fertilize a secondary oocyte for successful fertilization?
1
neural tissue is formed by the ___
ectoderm
which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?
human chorionic gonadotropin
implantation takes place into which layer?
endometrium
what two heart structures are unique to the fetal heart?
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
which of the following is NOT a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?
ductus arteriosus- ligamentum teres
the early embryo contains two structures. which are they?
the trophoblast and inner cell mass
an allele that masks the effect of another is
dominant
a gene is
a DNA sequence that contains the information for producing one type of protein
in ABO blood typing, an AB blood individual expresses both A and B proteins on the surface of red blood cells. this type of inheritance is know as
codominance
which of the following best describes genotype and phenotypes?
a trait that is expressed such as eye colour is the phenotype and the gene responsible for eye color is the genotype
an individual that has two different alleles for a gene is
heterozygous
the ectoderm gives rise to what tissue in the adult?
skin and nervous
implantation normally takes place in the
uterus
if a woman just ended her menstrual phase, when is she most likely to ovulate?
in about 14 days
select the correct statement about the uterine cycle
if fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo
which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?
corpus luteum secretion
the constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ___
meiosis
fertilization normally occurs in the
uterine tube
what is the muscular tube that leads from the epididymis to the urethra in males
ductus deferens
which of the following has a conducting zone structure?
terminal brinchiol
which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
partial pressure gradient
conscious control of micturation involves inhibiting the micturation reflex by using nerve centers in the
brain stem and cerebral cortex
which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys
they are located behind the peritoneum
the constancy of chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ___
meiosis
