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Anatomy and Physiology II > testing testing 2 > Flashcards

testing testing 2 Flashcards

1
Q

of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume?

A

vital capacity

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2
Q

the first event in expiration is

A

the diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax

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3
Q

the right lung is composed of ___ lobes; the left lung is composed of ___ lobes.

A

superior middle and inferior; superior and inferior

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4
Q

when carbon dioxide bonds to hemoglobin, the compound ___ is formed

A

carbaminohemoglobin

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5
Q

the pharynx functions as a ___, whereas the larynx functions as a ___.

A

common passageway for air and food, passageway for air only

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6
Q

which of the following muscles are useful in aiding forced expiration?

A

abdominals

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7
Q

respiratory control centers are located in the ___.

A

medulla and pons

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8
Q

intrapulmonary pressure is the ___.

A

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

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9
Q

microorganisms removed from incoming air by sticky mucus are most likely to be destroyed by

A

the digestive action of gastric juice

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10
Q

which statement about CO2 is FALSE?

A

more CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs

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11
Q

the first event in inspiration is

A

the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract

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12
Q

breathing functions to

A

deliver oxygen to cells, where it takes part in the reactions of cellular respiration that liberate energy from nutrient molecules and get rid of carbon dioxide, maintains the pH of the internal environment

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13
Q

the trachea can be described as

A

all of these are correct (including about 20 C-shaped cartilage rings, lined with a ciliated mucous membrane, a passageway for air)

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14
Q

which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

A

pulmonary ventilation

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15
Q

which of the following bones does not possess sinuses?

A

zygomatic

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16
Q

which of the following proteins is the most important physiologically in the transportation of carbon dioxide by blood?

A

carbonic anhydrase

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17
Q

which of the following is the correct sequence as air moves into the bronchial tree

A

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles

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18
Q

the most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is

A

increase of carbon dioxide

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19
Q

the renal medulla is composed of ___, whereas the renal cortex is composed of ___.

A

renal pyramids; renal corpuscles and nephron tubules

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20
Q

which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration?

A

increased blood pressure

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21
Q

nephrons whose corpuscles are located close to the renal medulla and are responsible for concentrating urine are called

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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22
Q

in which of the following portions of the nephron is water actively transported?

A

none of these is correct

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23
Q

the countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the

A

nephron loop

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24
Q

whenever sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are

A

reabsorbed by passive transport

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25
Q

which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end?

A

proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

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26
Q

the organs of the urinary system are

A

paired kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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27
Q

the detrusor muscle is in the

A

urinary bladder

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28
Q

a renal corpuscle is a ___, whereas a renal tubule is a ___.

A

tangled cluster of blood capillaries; highly coiled tubule that leads away from the glomerular capsule

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29
Q

an increase in the glomerular osmotic pressure will result in___ the rate of glomerular filtration.

A

a decrease in

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30
Q

a decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will result in___ the rate of glomerular filtration

A

a decrease in

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31
Q

the largest quantity of hydrogen ions is secreted

A

actively into the proximal convoluted tubule

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32
Q

as a result of excessively low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

drops and filtration decreases

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33
Q

which of the following solutions is the strongest acid?

A

5.8 (the lowest number)

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34
Q

which of the following is an example of a physiological buffer?

A

renal mechanism

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35
Q

if the reabsorption of sodium by the renal tubular fluid increases

A

all of these are correct (plasma volume decreases, osmotic pressure of the renal tubular fluid increases, reabsorption of warter by the renal tubule decreases

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36
Q

which of the following metabolic processes is likely to serve as a source of hydrogen ions in body fluids?

A

all of these are correct (incomplete oxidation of fatty acids, anaerobic respiration of glucose, oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids)

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37
Q

the acid-base buffer system in blood include

A

all of these are correct (bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system)

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38
Q

extracellular fluids are characterized by relatively

A

high sodium and low potassium concentrations

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39
Q

when sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are

A

secreted

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40
Q

the movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is regulated primary by

A

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

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41
Q

the respiratory center is most likely to cause an increase in the breathing rate if

A

pH of body fluids is decreased

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42
Q

of the compartments of extracellular water, which is the largest?

A

interstitial fluid

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43
Q

compared to the average adult male, the average adult female body contains relatively

A

less water and more adipose tissue

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44
Q

if renal absorption of sodium by the renal tubule is inhibited, the

A

all of these is correct (osmotic pressure of the renal tubular fluid increase, plasma volume decreases, reabsorption of water by the renal tubule decreases)

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45
Q

which of the following body compartment is correctly matched with its location in the body?

A

extracellular- fluid in tissue spaces, blood in vessels, and lymphatic vessels

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46
Q

a by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is

A

urea

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47
Q

the reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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48
Q

which of the following is not considered a function of the kidneys?

A

formation of plasma proteins

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49
Q

a renal corpuscle includes that

A

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

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50
Q

once in the glomerulus, the filtrate moves into the

A

renal tubule

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51
Q

the micturition reflex center is located in the

A

sacral segments of the spinal cord

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52
Q

the hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the

A

collecting duct

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53
Q

which of the following correctly lists the order of the structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?

A

calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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54
Q

respiration is

A

the entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells

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55
Q

the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes

A

carbon dioxide to react with water

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56
Q

the force that can create a difficult situation for the alveoli to inflate and cause them to collapse is

A

surface tension

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57
Q

which of the following is a function of the mucus-covered nasal passages?

A

all of these are correct (entrapping small particles, moistening inspired air, warming inspired air)

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58
Q

which of the following is incorrectly described mechanism of CO2 transport?

A

attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

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59
Q

which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?

A

rising blood pressure

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60
Q

the visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by

A

surface tension

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61
Q

the inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as

A

boyle’s law

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62
Q

inspiration occurs when the ___ is less than the ___.

A

intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure

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63
Q

the chloride shift

A

maintains the ionic balance between the red blood cells and the plasma

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64
Q

extensions of the nasal cavity that increases its surface area are called

A

conchae

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65
Q

how is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?

A

as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells

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66
Q

which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

A

pulmonary ventilation

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67
Q

the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle is the

A

tidal volume

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68
Q

which of the following provides the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

A

alveoli

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69
Q

the force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the

A

elastic recoil and surface tension

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70
Q

the local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ___.

A

ventilation- perfusion coupling

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71
Q

the visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by

A

surface tension

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72
Q

air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ___.

A

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

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73
Q

the cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea

A

epiglottis

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74
Q

which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition?

A

the stretching of the bladder wall

75
Q

a decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will result in ___ the rate of glomerular filtration

A

a decrease in

76
Q

the micturition reflex center is located in the

A

sacral segment of the spinal cord

77
Q

a renal corpuscle includes the

A

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

78
Q

females are at a higher risk of contracting a urinary tract infection because

A

the female urethra is shorter than the males

79
Q

once in the glomerulus, the filtrate moves into the

A

renal tubule

80
Q

if excessive amounts of water are taken into the body

A

osmoreceptors in the brain begin to swell

81
Q

a person in a moderate environment probably would lose the greatest of water by means of

A

urine

82
Q

which of the following is most closely represents the percentage of water by weight in an adult male

A

65%

83
Q

intracellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes within the

A

cells

84
Q

the respiratory center is most likely to cause an increase in the breathing rate if the

A

pH of body fluids is decreasing

85
Q

an alkaline solution is one that

A

combines with hydrogen ions

86
Q

the male structure that corresponds to the female labia majora is the

A

scrotum

87
Q

which of the following correctly describes the mechanism that causes an erection

A

none of these is correct

88
Q

The structure the sperm enters upon exiting the vas deferens is the

A

ejaculatory tube

89
Q

the correct statement about the uterine cycle

A

If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo

90
Q

Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?

A

GnRH

91
Q

the number of sperm cells that form from a primary spermatocyte is

A

4

92
Q

If the testes fail to descend, a male is infertile because sperm cell formation is prevented by

A

relatively high internal body temperature

93
Q

the egg, or ovum, is more correctly called

A

secondary oocyte

94
Q

Following ovulation, a human egg cell can survive

A

a few hours

95
Q

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ___

A

In oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced from the parent cell, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from one parent cell.

96
Q

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following best describes how?

A

they regulate the temperature of the testes

97
Q

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, ___ reaches its highest levels

A

progesterone

98
Q

The hormone mainly responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is

A

estrogen

99
Q

the critical factor that determines gender during development is

A

the SRY gene

100
Q

___ is the movement of semen into the urethra while ___ is the movement of semen out of the urethra

A

emission; ejaculation

101
Q

crossover occurs during

A

prophase I

102
Q

The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the

A

clitoris

103
Q

Women athletes sometimes experience disturbances in their menstrual cycles because of

A

decreased synthesis of estrogen

104
Q

the fetal heart structure allow circulating blood to bypass the

A

lungs

105
Q

Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placenta barriers

A

nutrients, respiratory gasses, waste, and alcohol

106
Q

muscle tissue is formed by the ___

A

mesoderm

107
Q

What is the term for the structure that is formed when the sperm and egg pronuclei fuse?

A

zygote

108
Q

select the correct statement about fertilization

A

Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina’s acidic environment

109
Q

The presence of endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm is first seen in the ___ stage

A

gastrula

110
Q

Which of the choices below occurs if implantation is successful?

A

The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over the hormone-producing functions

111
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary germ layers?

A

neuroderm

112
Q

The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ___

A

placental tissue

113
Q

The developing human is considered an embryo for how long?

A

eight weeks

114
Q

Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

115
Q

In the block to polyspermy, entry of the sperms contents causes ___ levels in the oocytes cytoplasm to rise, triggering the cortical reaction

A

calcium ion

116
Q

Implantation takes place about ___ days after fertilization

A

6

117
Q

The hormone measured in a pregnancy test is

A

hCG

118
Q

a mode of inheritance where a heterozygote expresses an intermediate phenotype between dominant and recessive is called

A

incomplete dominance

119
Q

the expressed form of a gene is described as the organisms ___

A

phenotype

120
Q

select the statement that best describes the difference between a gene and an allele

A

genes express a specific trait while alleles are variations of a particular gene that result in the variation we see in the

121
Q

if you breed two heterozygous individuals you expect to get ___% of the offspring to express the dominant trait

A

75

122
Q

An individual that has identical alleles for a gene is

A

homozygous

123
Q

For a mutation that is found on a gene on the X chromosome, the phenotype is most commonly seen in

A

males

124
Q

The origin of the 46 chromosomes in a human zygote is

A

half from the sperm and half from the egg

125
Q

If you breed two heterozygous individuals, you would expect to get a geneotypic ratio of ___ homozygous dominant, ___ heterozygous dominant, ___ homozygous recessive

A

25, 50, 25

126
Q

How many alleles exist for a given gene?

A

Each gene can have a different number of alleles, but each human has two for each gene

127
Q

sperm cells are stored primarily in the

A

epididymides

128
Q

the structure of a testis can be described as composed of

A

all of these are correct (lobules that are filled with seminiferous tubules, seminiferous tubules lined with germinal epithelium that produces sex cells, seminiferous tubules that unite to form the rete testis, which joins the epididymis)

129
Q

the interstitial cells of the testes produce

A

androgens

130
Q

___ is when homologous chromosomes separate independently or in a random manner

A

independent assortment

131
Q

the inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the

A

endometrium

132
Q

the duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following?

A

corpus spongiosum

133
Q

the ___ guides the descent of the testes in to the lower abdominal cavity

A

gubernaculum

134
Q

the female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the

A

clitoris

135
Q

egg cells are transported in the female reproductive tract by the ___. whereas sperm are transported in the male reproductive tract by the ___

A

action of ciliated epithelium in the uterine tube; movements of their tails

136
Q

which of the following is not a layer of the uterus?

A

all of these are correct (perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium)

137
Q

erection of the penis results from ___

A

a parasympathetic reflex that promotes release of nitric oxide

138
Q

neural tissue is formed by the ___

A

ectoderm

139
Q

the ring of supportive cells around the secondary oocyte that the sperm have to penetrate before reaching the cell membrane is called the

A

corona radiata

140
Q

which embryonic structure produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

the syncytiotrophoblast

141
Q

the early embryo contains two structures. which are they

A

the trophoblast and inner cell mass

142
Q

at what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?

A

fertilization

143
Q

what is the term for the structure that implants into the endometrium

A

blastocyst

144
Q

which of the following is not an extra-embryonic membrane

A

inner cell mass

145
Q

how many alleles exist for a given gene?

A

each gene can have a different number of alleles

146
Q

a trait that is only expressed in homozygous individuals is know as

A

recessive

147
Q

a person with blood type A (unkown genotype) and a person with blood type B (unknown genotype) may have a child that has

A

blood type A, B, O, or AB

148
Q

the expressed form of a gene is described as the organisms

A

phenotype

149
Q

colorblindness is carried on the X chromosome. if a woman who is a carrier for this trait has a child with a man who is not colorblind, what is the chances that they will have a child with color blindness

A

25%

150
Q

a mode of inheritance where a heterozygote expresses an intermediate phenotype between dominant and recessive is called

A

incomplete dominance

151
Q

an individual that has identical alleles for a gene is

A

homozygous

152
Q

if you breed a homozygous recessive individual to a heterozygote, you expect to get ___% dominant phenotype

A

50%

153
Q

the first step in oogenesis is when

A

a primary oocyte divides to form a secondary oocyte and a polar body

154
Q

the primary organ of the female reproductive system is the

A

ovary

155
Q

which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?

A

corpus luteum secretion

156
Q

undifferentiated spermatogenic cells are called

A

spermatogonia

157
Q

about the time of ovulation, the anterior pituitary gland releases a surge of

A

LH

158
Q

what structure gives rise to the embryonic portion of the placenta

A

chorion

159
Q

how many sperm can fertilize a secondary oocyte for successful fertilization?

A

1

160
Q

neural tissue is formed by the ___

A

ectoderm

161
Q

which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

162
Q

implantation takes place into which layer?

A

endometrium

163
Q

what two heart structures are unique to the fetal heart?

A

foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

164
Q

which of the following is NOT a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?

A

ductus arteriosus- ligamentum teres

165
Q

the early embryo contains two structures. which are they?

A

the trophoblast and inner cell mass

166
Q

an allele that masks the effect of another is

A

dominant

167
Q

a gene is

A

a DNA sequence that contains the information for producing one type of protein

168
Q

in ABO blood typing, an AB blood individual expresses both A and B proteins on the surface of red blood cells. this type of inheritance is know as

A

codominance

169
Q

which of the following best describes genotype and phenotypes?

A

a trait that is expressed such as eye colour is the phenotype and the gene responsible for eye color is the genotype

170
Q

an individual that has two different alleles for a gene is

A

heterozygous

171
Q

the ectoderm gives rise to what tissue in the adult?

A

skin and nervous

172
Q

implantation normally takes place in the

A

uterus

173
Q

if a woman just ended her menstrual phase, when is she most likely to ovulate?

A

in about 14 days

174
Q

select the correct statement about the uterine cycle

A

if fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo

175
Q

which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?

A

corpus luteum secretion

176
Q

the constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ___

A

meiosis

177
Q

fertilization normally occurs in the

A

uterine tube

178
Q

what is the muscular tube that leads from the epididymis to the urethra in males

A

ductus deferens

179
Q

which of the following has a conducting zone structure?

A

terminal brinchiol

180
Q

which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

A

partial pressure gradient

181
Q

conscious control of micturation involves inhibiting the micturation reflex by using nerve centers in the

A

brain stem and cerebral cortex

182
Q

which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys

A

they are located behind the peritoneum

183
Q

the constancy of chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ___

A

meiosis

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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