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Anatomy and Physiology II > 16) Endocrine System > Flashcards

16) Endocrine System Flashcards

1-22 quiz, 23-75 lecture notes

1
Q

the condition produced by factors that tend to cause changes is the body’s internal environment and threaten its survival is called ________.

A

stress

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2
Q

the sex hormones from the adrenal cortex are primarily ___

A

androgens

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3
Q

the ________ gland is located deep between the cerebral hemisphere attached to the roof of the third venticle

A

pineal

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4
Q

the central portion of the adrenal gland is the adrenal ________

A

medulla

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5
Q

________ hormone acts primarily on the kidneys and causes them to conserve water.

A

antidiuretic

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6
Q

adenylate cyclase causes ATP molecules to become ________ molecules

A

cyclic AMP

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7
Q

________ stimulates the activity of bone-resorbing osteoblasts.

A

calcitonin

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8
Q

the pancreas functions as part of the endocrine system and as a part of the ________ system.

A

digestive

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9
Q

the thyroid gland has a special ability to remove ________ from the blood.

A

Iodine

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10
Q

a person under stress may have a lowered resistance to ________.

A

infection

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11
Q

aldosterone

A

electrolyte balance

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12
Q

thymosin

A

maturation of T cells

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13
Q

prolactin

A

milk production

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14
Q

cortisol

A

stress maintenance

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15
Q

thyroid hormone (TH)

A

metabolism

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16
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

release of cortisol, and during extreme stress other adrenal hormones as well

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17
Q

insulin

A

reduces blood sugar

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18
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

regulation of sex cells

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19
Q

glucagon

A

increases blood sugar

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20
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine contractions and milk letdown

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21
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

blood calcium regulation

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22
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

water balance

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23
Q

glands

A

one or more cells that secrete substances

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24
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete their products through tubes or ducts to external body surfaces

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25
Q

endocrine glands

A

release substances into the extracellular spaces surrounding endocrine glands, travel through the blood to specific target cells

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26
Q

paracrine hormones

A

short-distance chemical signal that regulates neighboring cells

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27
Q

autocrine hormones

A

short-distance chemical signals that exert their effects on the same cells that secretes them

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28
Q

nervous system effect on endocrine system

A

*sends impulses to specific cells (usually muscle or glands)
*signals are rapid, but can be brief unless neuronal activity continues

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29
Q

endocrine system

A

*use chemical messengers - glands release hormones into blood stream, only affect receptors on target cells
*response can last days, even if secretion ceases.

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30
Q

major endocrine glands

A

*hypothalamus
*pituitary gland
*thyroid gland
*adrenal glands
*pancreas

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31
Q

hormone chemistry

A

*can altering metabolic processes
*can alter enzyme activity, or rate of transport of substance
*delivered by binding to receptors on target cell

32
Q

upregulation

A

increase in number of receptors on target cell, in response to a decrease in hormone level

33
Q

downregulation

A

decrease in number of receptors on target cell, due to an increase in hormone level

34
Q

steroid hormones

A

*lipids delivered from cholesterol
*can enter target cells by diffusion
*include sex hormones’ (testosterone and estrogen)

35
Q

actions of steroid hormones

A

*cross cell membranes, combines with receptors in nucleus
*become hormone receptor complex, attach to DNA, inhibiting or activating gene transcription
*synthesis of mRNA is activated, protein synthesized

36
Q

nonsteroid hormones

A

*usually soluble and cannot cross the plasma membrane
*(e.g. amines, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins)

37
Q

actions of nonsteroid hormones

A

*messenger binds to protein receptors on targeted cell membrane
*protein receptor has a binding site and activity site, unite with binding site
*activity site reacts with other membrane proteins, adenylate cyclase changes ATP into cyclic AMP, cAMP promotes series of reactions.

38
Q

cellular changes caused by cAMP

A

*alter membrane permeability
*activate enzymes
*promote protein synthesis
*stimulate or inhibit metabolic pathways
*initiate secretion of hormones

39
Q

control of hormone secretion

A

primarily controlled by Negative Feedback Mechanisms

40
Q

negative feedback mechanism

A

*when the endocrine gland or system is sensitive to concentration of substances it regulates, or product from a process it regulates
*when concentration reaches a certain level, the gland is inhibited and activity decreases
*three methods (tropic hormones, nervous system control, changes in composition of internal environment)

41
Q

pituitary gland

A

*located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica (sphenoid bone)
*approx. size and shape of kidney bean
*anterior lobe & posterior lobe

42
Q

pituitary gland (anterior lobe)

A

*hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release hormones
*hormones’ of anterior lobe: growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid secreting hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone

43
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

*stimulate bone and muscle growth
*enhances movement of amino acids through the cell membrane and increases the rate of protein synthesis

44
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

*stimulates milk production in females
*throught to help maintain normal sperm count in males

45
Q

thyroid secreting hormone (TSH)

A

*controls secretions of hormones from thyroid

46
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

*controls the secretion of some hormones from adrenal cortex

47
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

*in females, stimulates development of egg containing follicles in ovaries, stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen
*in males, stimulates production of sperm cells

48
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

*promotes secretion of sex hormones in males and females
*stimulates release of egg from ovary

49
Q

pituitary gland (posterior lobe)

A

*does not produce hormones, neurosecretory cells secrete two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus directly to blood vessels that are located in the posterior lobe
*hormones include; antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

50
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

*keep blood volume constant by reabsorption of water in kidneys

51
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A

*stimulates uterine contraction
*stimulates mammary glands to release milk

52
Q

thyroid

A

*located on trachea just below larynx
*responsible for removing iodine from the blood
*produces three hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin

53
Q

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

A

*increase rate of energy released from carbohydrates
*increase rate of protein synthesis
*accelerates growth, stimulates activity in nervous system
*controlled by (TSH)
*T3 is 5X more potent

54
Q

calcitonin

A

*lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations by inhibiting release of calcium and phosphate from bone
*increases rate at which calcium and phosphate are deposited in bone

55
Q

parathyroid gland

A

*located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
*secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

56
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

*increases blood calcium levels
*stimulates the kidneys to retain calcium and excrete phosphate
*promotes calcium absorption from food into small intestines

57
Q

adrenal glands

A

*suprarenal glands, located above the kidneys
*functions as two separate endocrine glands: andrenal medulla, and adrenal cortex

58
Q

adrenal medulla

A

*secretes epinephrine and norepinepherine
*controlled by sympathetic NS- dilates respiratory passages, increases heart rate and blood pressure
*helps body respond to stress- increases blood pressure, heart beat, breathing rate, dilates pupils, inhibits digestion

59
Q

adrenal cortex

A

*secretes more than 30 different steroids including: aldosterone, cortisol, adrenal androgens
*has three zones, each producing different types of hormones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

60
Q

aldosterone

A

*increases blood volume and pressure by promoting conservation of sodium ions and eliminating potassium ions through process of retaining water by osmosis

61
Q

cortisol

A

*keep blood glucose levels within a normal range between meals: *decreases protein synthesis
*increases fatty acid release from adipose tissue
*stimulates glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrates (amino acids and glycerol)

62
Q

adrenal androgens

A

*supplement sex hormones from the gonads in males
*can covert into estrogen by skin, liver, adipose tissue in females

63
Q

zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

A

*outer zone
*produces aldosterone and other mineralocorticoids

64
Q

zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex

A

*middle zone
*produces cortisol and other glucocorticoids (anti-inflammatory and help with metabolism)

65
Q

zona reticularis

A

*inner zone
*produces male sex hormones

66
Q

pancrease

A

*act as an exocrine gland- produces digestive enzymes
*acts as an endocrine gland- produces hormones
*types of pancreatic cells: pancreatic Islets, alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells

67
Q

alpha cells

A

*secrete glucagon
*triggers breakdown of glycogen to glucose when body needs energy

68
Q

beta cells

A

*secrets insulin
*promotes formation of glycogen from glucose
*inhibits conversion of non-carbohydrates into glucose
*enhances movement of glucose into adipose and muscle cells

69
Q

delta cells

A

*secretes somatostatin
*helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin

70
Q

pineal gland

A

*secretes melatonin
*light causes decrease of melatonin and dark increases production
*maintains internal clock, sleep-wake cycle

71
Q

thymus gland

A

*secretes thymosin
*promotes development of certain lymphocytes (T cells)

72
Q

reproductive glands

A

*females: ovaries secrete estrogen and progesteron
*placenta secretes estrogen, progesteron, and gonadotropins
*males: testes secrete testosterone

73
Q

stressor

A

any stimulus that directly or indirectly causes hypothalamus to initiate stress-compensating responses

74
Q

short-term stress

A

*hypothalamus activates the adrenal medulla via neural stimulation,
*adrenal medulla secrets epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%), readies body for “fight or flight”
* HR & BP increase, bronchioles dilate to facilitate flow of air in and out lungs, BGL and metabolic rate increases

75
Q

long-term stress

A

*hypothalamus activates the adrenal cortex via hormonal stimulation, which greatly reinforces short-term response
*cause hypothalamic neurons release corticotropin hormone (CRH) *anterior petuitary cells release adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
*metabolic effect: break down protein to increase blood amino acids, increases blood sugar by converting glycogen to glucose, break down fat, increase fatty acids for muscles
*renal effect: kidneys retain sodium, cause water retention, blood volume and pressure rise

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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