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Anatomy and Physiology II > 25) Urinary System: > Flashcards

25) Urinary System: Flashcards

1-11 from quiz, 12-52 from lecture notes

1
Q

part of the nephron responsible for the majority of secretion and reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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2
Q

hormone that drives calcium reabsorption

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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3
Q

antidiuretic hormone targets this to insert aquaporins

A

collecting duct

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4
Q

hormone responsible for the reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium

A

aldosterone

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5
Q

glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

A

renal corpuscle

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6
Q

part of the nephron involved in the countercurrent mechanism

A

nephron loop

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7
Q

the concept of actively absorbing sodium to passively absorb water

A

countercurrent mechanism

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8
Q

urination reflex

A

micturition

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9
Q

important in regulating the secretion of renin

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

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10
Q

microscopic functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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11
Q

only reabsorption of water via osmosis takes place here

A

descending limb of nephron loop

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12
Q

urinary system

A

*maintaining composition, pH, and volume of body fluids
*removes metabolic waste and substances present in excess

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13
Q

organs of the urinary system

A

*kidneys
*ureters
*urinary bladder
*urethra

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14
Q

kidney

A

*lie on either side of vertebral column, in a depression on the posterior abdominal wall
*held in retroperitoneal position by parietal peritoneum (tough fibrous capsule)
*Left slightly higher than right kidney

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15
Q

kidney function

A

*remove urea and other waste products from metabolic activities
*regulate amount of water in the bood
*adjust concentrations of various substance (i.e. electrolytes) in blood
*controls RBC formation (secretes erythropoietin)

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16
Q

kidney structure

A
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17
Q

renal sinus

A

*hollow chambers of kidneys
*blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and ureter pass through the hilum (entrance of the renal sinus)

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18
Q

renal pelvis

A

*located in the renal sinus, is the expanded, superior end of the ureter
*subdivided into the major and minor calyces (tubes) as it goes into the kidneys

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19
Q

renal medulla

A

*inner layer
*contains conical-shaped masses of tissue (renal pyramids)
*apexes of pyramids form renal papillae that extend into the minor calyces

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20
Q

renal cortex

A

*outer layer
*granular in apperance and forms the outher sufrace of the kidneys
*part of renal cortex seperates the renal pyramids and is know as renal columns

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21
Q

renal capsule

A

protective outer layer that helps maintain the shape of the kidneys

22
Q

nephrons

A

*functional unit of the kidneys
*each kidney has 1 million nephrons
*site of urine production
*consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubules

23
Q

renal blood vessels

A

*abdominal aorta> renal arteries> “segmented arteries”> interlobar>,arcuate arteries>, cortical radiate arteries>, afferent arterioles>glomerulus, efferent arterioles>peritubular capillaries
*from the nephron blood then travesl out of the kidney thru:
*cortical radiate vein> arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein> inferior vena cava

24
Q

structure of nephron

A

*renal corpuscle- coiled cluster of blood capillaries (glomerulus) and a saclike structure (glomerular capsule) that surrounds the glomerulus
*renal tubule- continues from glomerulus capsule, becomes coiled (proximal convoluted tubule)> (nephron loop), (distal convoluted tubule)> renal cortex> collecting ducts> renal pelvis

25
Q

glomerulus & glomerular capsule

A

glomerulus: *coiled cluster of blood capillaries
*filters blood, first step of urine formation
glomerular capsule: *enlargement at end of renal tubule that receives filtrate from glomerulus

26
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

*from glomerular capsule, continues and is very coiled

27
Q

nephron loop

A

renal tubule straightens and makes a U-turn

28
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

*distal tubules merge in the renal cortex, form collecting duct (calyx) in the medulla
**

29
Q

cortical nephrons

A

*85% of nephrons
*in the cortex of the kidney
*efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries

30
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

*important in producing concentrated urine
*long nephron loops deeply invade medulla
*thick and thin segments
*efferent arteriole supplies casa recta

31
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

*distal convoluted tubule passes between the afferent and efferent, is in contact with them
*surrounded by smooth muscle cells (juxtaglomerular cells)
*important in regulating and secretion of renin
*renin-regulates the renin=angiotensin system, increases blood pressure

32
Q

urine formation (three steps)

A

*glomerular filtration
*tubular reabsorption
*tubular secretion

33
Q

glomerular filtration

A

*hydrostatic pressure moves substances from the blood in the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule
*water and small dissolved molecules are filtered, larger molecules stay in the blood
*fenestrations increase permeability
*podocytes-filtration slits filter fluid

34
Q

glomerular filtrate

A

fluid that has been filtered thru glomerulus

35
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

*directly proportional to the net filtration pressure
*GFR of average adult= 125mL/min or 180L/day
*blood plasma filtered about 60 X/day
*small percentage of the filtrate is actually excreted as urine

36
Q

control of filtration rate

A

*autoregulation
*sympathetic nervous system- keeps GFR constant by changing blood pressure conditions, causes afferent and efferent arteriols to constrict
*renin-angiotensin system- responds to a decrease in blood pressure
*ANP & BNP hormone control

37
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) & Ventricular Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

A

*ANP= secreted in response to > blood volume
*BNP= secreted in response to > blood pressure
*hormones inhibit the renin-angiotensin system by increasing sodium and water excretion from the kidneys

38
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

*some glucose, water, minerals must be recycled back into body and are secretively reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate
*moved by active transport
*most reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

39
Q

different types of transport for substance in tubules

A

active transport: *movement of substance against their concentration gradients
*transport limited due to number of carrier proteins
osmosis: *water reabsorption
endocytosis: *small protein reabsorption
sodium and water reabsorption

40
Q

sodium and water reabsorption

A

*water reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubules by osmosis
*as sodium ions are actively reabsorbed, negatively charged ions (chlorine, bicarb, phosphate) are passively reabsorbed
*97-99% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed each day

41
Q

tubular secretion

A

*substances move from the plasma of peritubular capillaries into renal tubules by active transport
*substances are wastes, to be excreted in the urine
*drugs like penicillin and histamine are actively secreted
*secretion of ions like potassium ions and hydrogen ions

42
Q

regulation of urine concentration and volume

A

*distal convoluted tubules are impermeable to water in absence of ADH
*if ADH is present, segments become permeable (aquaporins) and water is reabsorbed by osmosis
*urine becomes concentrated because of ADH

43
Q

countercurrent mechanism

A

*fluid flows in opposite directions in two adjacent segments of same tube with hairpin turn
*countercurrent multiplier & countercurrent exchanger
*work together to establish and maintain medullary osmotic gradient from renal cortex through medulla

44
Q

countercurrent multiplier

A

*interaction of filtrate flow in ascending/descending limbs of nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons
*creates gradient

45
Q

countercurrent exchanger

A

*blood flow in ascending/descending limbs of vasa recta
*preserves gradient

46
Q

urea

A

*product of amino acid catabolism
*plasma concentration reflects the amount of protein in diet

47
Q

urine composition

A

*95% water
*metabolic waste: urea, uric acid, creatinine
*trace amounts of amino acids and electrolytes
*0.6 - 2.5L/day: 50-60mL of urine output/hour is normal

48
Q

elimination of urine

A

nephrons> collecting ducts> renal papillae> minor & major calyces> renal pelvis> ureters> urinary bladder> urethra> out of body

49
Q

ureters

A

*muscular tubes carry urine from kidneys to bladder
*peristaltic contractions
*begin as funnel-shaped renal pelvis (3 layers): mucous coat (inner layer), muscular coat (middle layer), fibrous coat (outer layer)

50
Q

urinary bladder

A

*hollow, muscular organ, expands as urine is collected
*trigon- triangular area at the floor of bladder has openings at 3 corners, two to the ureters, one to the urethra
*walls have four layers: mucous coat (inner layer), submucous coat (2nd layer), muscular coat-detrusor muscle (3rd layer), serous coat (outer layer)

51
Q

urethra

A

*tube that takes urine from urinary bladder to outside the body
*in females, urethra is ~4cm long
*in males, urethra is ~20cm long

52
Q

micturition

A

*urine leaves the bladder by micturition or urinary reflex
*as bladder distends, stretch receptors are stimulated
*micturition center activates in sacral portion of spinal cord
*parasympathetic nerve impulses cause detrusor muscles to contract
*external urethral sphincter- voluntary contraction and relaxation disallows/allows urination

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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