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Anatomy and Physiology II > 17) Blood > Flashcards

17) Blood Flashcards

Chapter 17: Blood. 1-20 quiz. 21-? notes

1
Q

red blood cells with high oxygen concentrations are bright red because of presence of ___

A

oxyhemoglobin

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2
Q

mature red blood cells are also called ___

A

erythrocytes

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3
Q

the function of red blood cells are ___

A

to transport gasses

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4
Q

the shape of a red blood cell can be described as a ___ disc.

A

biconcave

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5
Q

when hemoglobin molecules are decomposed, a greenish pigment called ___ is formed.

A

biliverdin

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6
Q

___ is the oxygen-carrying substance in a red blood cell

A

hemoglobin

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7
Q

white blood cells with a granular cytoplasm are called ___

A

granulocytes

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8
Q

the most abundant type of plasma protein is ___

A

albumin

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9
Q

___ are the largest of the white blood cells

A

monocytes

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10
Q

red blood cells cannot reproduce because they lack ___ when they are mature

A

nucleus

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11
Q

the hormone released from the kidneys that promotes the production of red blood cells is ___

A

erythropoietin

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12
Q

in the presence of damaged blood vessels, platelets release a substance called ___, which causes smooth muscle contraction

A

serotonin

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13
Q

___ are normally the least abundant of the white blood cells

A

basophils

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14
Q

in red bone marrow, blood cells develop from cells called

A

hemocytoblasts

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15
Q

upon an injury, platelets adhere to ___ found in connective tissue

A

collagen

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16
Q

normally, the most numerous white blood cells are ___

A

neutrophils

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17
Q

___ are small agranulocytes that have relatively large, round nuclei with thin rims of cytoplasm

A

lymphocytes

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18
Q

white blood cells are also called ___

A

leukocytes

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19
Q

white blood lacking granular cytoplasm are called ___

A

agranulocytes

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20
Q

white blood cells whose cytoplasmic granulaes stain red in acid stain are called ___

A

eosinophils

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21
Q

type of connective tissue that transports substances between body cells and external environment.

A

blood

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22
Q

what substances does blood transport

A

nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones

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23
Q

three types of formed elements found in blood

A

red blood cells (erythrocytes)
white blood cells (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)

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24
Q

plasma

A

complex mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormoes, electrolytes, and cellular waste, and blood cells

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25
Q

hemocytoblasts or hematopoietic stem cells

A

blood stem cells

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26
Q

hematopoiesis

A

creation of blood cells from blood stem cells

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27
Q

specialized blood stem cells

A

lymphoid stem cells- lymphoid stem cells
myeloid stem cells- RBC, WBC, platelets

28
Q

red blood cells

A

biconcave disc
lack nuclei, mitochondria.

29
Q

hemoglobin

A

vital protein that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

30
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin combined with oxygen

31
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

oxygen released from hemoglobin

32
Q

red blood cell count

A

number of RBC in cubic millimeter of blood-RBC count
4,700,000-6.100.000/ microliters in adult males
4,200.000-5,400,000/ microliters in adult females
4,500,000-5,100,000/ microliters in children

33
Q

erythropoiesis

A

*RBC formation- occurs in liver and spleen
*carried out by red bone marrow

34
Q

lifespan of red blood cell

A

*120 days
*travels through the body about 75,000 times

35
Q

erythropoietin

A

*controls red blood cell formation
*low blood oxygen levels cause kidney and liver to release erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production, when oxygen returns to normal, production of hormone is inhibited

36
Q

destruction of red blood cells

A

*damaged or worn RBC are phagocytized by microphages in liver and spleen
*hemoglobin=> heme=> Fe & biliverdin=>
*Fe to red bone marrow or stored into liver
*biliverdin converted to bilirubin and secreted in the bile

37
Q

white blood cells

A

*protect the body against infections by phagocytizing bacteria cells or producing antibodies
*produced in red bone marrow

38
Q

interleukins

A

hormone that controls the production of white blood cells

39
Q

types of white blood cells

A

*Granulocytes- have granular cytoplasm, twice the size of RBC, short life span (12hrs)
*Agranulocytes- without granular cytoplasm, produced mainly in red bone marrow, some produced in lymphatic system

40
Q

types of granulocytes

A

*neutrophils- lobed nucleus, first to arrive at an infection site, phagocytize bacteria, fungus, and viruses, 54%-62% of leukocytes
*eosinophils- bi-loved nucleus, defends against parasitic worm infections & allergic reactions, 1%-3% of leukocytes
*basophils- migrate to damaged tissue, release histamine (promotes inflammation) and heparin (inhibits blood clotting), less than 1% of leukocytes

41
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

*monocytes- largest type of blood cell, leave blood stream to become macrophages (phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris in tissue), 3%-9% of leukocytes, can live for several weeks or months
*lymphocytes- slightly larger than RBC, large spherical nucleus surrounded by thin cytoplasm, 25%-33% of leukocytes, may live for years

42
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

*T-cells- directly attack microorganisms, tumor cells, and transplanted cells
*B-cells- proteins that attach foreign molecules

43
Q

function of white blood cells

A

*protect against infection
*phagocytosis- neutrophils and monocytes
*inflammatory response- basophils

44
Q

ameboid movement

A

self-propulsion of leukocytes to move through interstitial spaces

45
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulfing and digesting pathogens by WBC

46
Q

positive chemotaxis

A

release of chemicals to attract leukocytes

47
Q

white blood cell counts

A

3,500-10,500/ cubic millimeter of blood

48
Q

leukocytosis

A

increase in leukocytes (WBC) (>10,000/cu mm) usually because of infection, vigorous exercise, or loss of body fluids

49
Q

leukopenia

A

decrease in leukocytes (WBC) (<5,000/cu mm) usually because of flu, measles, chicken box, AIDS, typhoid fever

50
Q

platelets

A

*cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
*half the size of RBC
*150,000-350,000/cubic millimeter
*helps control blood loss from broken vessels by sticking to broken surfaces- release serotonin to control blood flow

51
Q

blood plasma

A

*clear, straw colored, liquid portion of the blood that suspends the cells and platelets
*makes up 55% of blood
*92% of the plasma is composed of water and contains organic and inorganic substances

52
Q

function of blood plasma

A

*transporting nutrients, gasses, and vitamiins
*regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and maintain pH

53
Q

plasma protein

A

most abundant dissolved substance in plasma

54
Q

three main types of plasma proteins

A

albumins- (60%) smallest yet most numerous proteins, help maintain osmotic pressure in blood
globulins- (35%) transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, antibodies for immunity
fibrinogens- (4%) plays key role in blood clotting

55
Q

gasses and nutrients

A

*oxygen and carbon dioxide, nitrogen
*nutrients include: amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, lipids-fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, cholesterol

56
Q

nonprotein nitrogenous substances

A

urea- product of protein catabolism, 50% of nonprotein nitrogenous substances
uric acid- product of nucleic acid catabolism
amino acids- product of protein catabolism and amino acid absorption
creatin- stores energy in phosphate bonds, regenerates ATP in muscles
creatinine- product of creatine metabolism

57
Q

plasma electrolytes

A

*can ionize in water and conduct electricity
*absorbed from the intestine, released as byproducts of cellular metabolism
*include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate

58
Q

hemostasis

A

*stoppage of bleeding
*hemostatic action- blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation
*effective in minor blood vessel injuries

59
Q

clotting factor

A

chemicals used in coagulation

60
Q

extrinsic clotting mechanism

A

*triggered by blood coming into contact with tissues outside blood vessels
*triggered by tissue thromboplastin (factor III)
*cascade involves (factor VII, factor X, factor V, factor IV, factor II
*thrombin=> fibrinogen=> fibrin
*fibrin sticks to damaged surfaces traps blood cells & platelets causing blood clot

61
Q

intrinsic clotting mechanism

A

*chemicals inside blood triggers blood coagulation
*starts with tissue damamge (hageman factor XII)
*active when blood contacts foreign surface
*cascade involves (factor XII, factor XI, factor IX, factor VIII, factor X)

62
Q

agglutination

A

clumping of red blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen

63
Q

antigen

A

any molecule that evokes an immune response

64
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that react against a specific antigen

65
Q

blood types and antibodies

A

A: has anti-B antibodies
B: has anti-A antibodies
AB: has no antibodies
O: has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

66
Q

blood type compatibilities

A

O: universal donor
AB+: universal recipient

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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