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Anatomy and Physiology II > 22) Respiratory System > Flashcards

22) Respiratory System Flashcards

1-29 quiz, 30-86 lecture notes

1
Q

passageway for air and food

A

pharynx

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2
Q

serves as resonate chamber and reduces weight of skull

A

sinus (paranasal sinus)

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3
Q

most inferior portion of the larynx

A

carotid cartilage

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4
Q

opening between vocal cords

A

glottis

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5
Q

increases surface area of nasal mucosa membrane

A

nasal concha

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6
Q

fold of mucous membrane containing elastic fibers responsible for sound

A

vocal cord (true)

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7
Q

partially covers opening of larynx during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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8
Q

microscopic air sac for gas exchange

A

alveolus

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9
Q

potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae

A

pleural cavity

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10
Q

consists of large lobes

A

lungs

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11
Q

amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled under resting conditions

A

tidal volume

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12
Q

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume

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13
Q

maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort

A

vital capacity

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14
Q

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful expiration

A

residual volume

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15
Q

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration

A

functional residual capacity

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16
Q

maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort

A

total lung capacity

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17
Q

maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration

A

inspiratory capacity

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18
Q

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration

A

inspiratory reserve volume

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19
Q

force of water molecules strongly attracted to each other

A

surface tension

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20
Q

the pressure inside the lungs

A

intrapulmonary pressure

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21
Q

the pressure in between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes

A

intrapleural pressure

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22
Q

increased concentration of this gas increases oxyhemoglobin dissociation

A

carbon dioxide

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23
Q

the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of all the partial pressure of the individual gases

A

dalton’s law

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24
Q

a detergent-like molecule released by Type II alveolar cells

A

surfactant

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25
Q

oxygen is primarily transported in this manner

A

bound to hemoglobin

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26
Q

pressure and volume are inversely related

A

boyle’s law

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27
Q

a gas will dissolve in a liquid in proportion to its concentration gradient to the degree of its solubility

A

henry’s law

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28
Q

carbon dioxide is transported mostly in this manner

A

bicarbonate ion

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29
Q

the ability of the lungs to stretch

A

lung compliance

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30
Q

respiration

A

process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells

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31
Q

respiratory system

A

passages that filter incoming air and transport it into the body, via airway to the lungs and microscopic air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

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32
Q

why we breath

A

*gas exchange
*O2 to accomplish ATP production
*CO2 generated as metabolic waste

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33
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

*nose: nostrils, nasal cavity, nasal septum, nasal conchae, mucous membrane, sinuses,
*pharynx; nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, glottis, epiglottis

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34
Q

Nose

A

*air enters nose thru nostrils, internal hair prevents large particles from entering nasal cavity, divided by nasal septum.
*nasal conchae curls from lateral walls of the nasal cavity which helps surface area, rich in blood vessels that warm the air.
*supports the mucous membrane-pseudostratified epithelium rich in cilia and mucous secreting goblet-cells.

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35
Q

sinuses

A

*air filled spaces in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones of the skull
*continuous with nasal cavity and lined with mucous membrane
*help reduce weight of the skull and serve as resonate chambers that affect quality of the voice

36
Q

Pharynx

A

*passageway for food to the esophagus and air into and out of the trachea
*subdivisions: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

37
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

larynx, trachea, vocal cords, bronchus, left and right bronchi, secondary lobar bronchi, tertiary segmental bronchi, intralobular bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

38
Q

larynx

A

*superior enlargement of the trachea
*houses muscular folds- false vocal cords and elastic tissue- vocal cords

39
Q

vocal cords

A

*elastic cartilage responsible for vocal sounds
*air forced between cords, cords vibrate from side to side causing sound waves
*form into different sounds when changing shape of the pharynx and oral cavity, tongue, and lips.

40
Q

hyaline cartilage of larynx

A

*hold mucous lined larynx open during breathing
*thyroid cartilage-largest cartilage
*cricoid cartilage- below thyroid cartilage
*epiglottis cartilage- part of flap-like epiglottis

41
Q

trachea

A

*cartilage-ringed windpipe, extends down to 5th vertebrae
*divides into right and left bronchi

42
Q

bronchial tree

A

*from the trachea to deep within the lungs
*held open by the cartilage called carina
*R & L primary bronchi> secondary lobar bronchi> tertiary segmental bronchi> intralobular bronchioles> terminal bronchioles> alveolar ducts> alveolar sacs

43
Q

lungs

A

*soft, spongy organs in the thoracic cavity
*right lung: 3lobes, left lung: 2lobes

44
Q

visceral pleura

A

*membrane attached to the surface of the lung and folds back to form parietal pleura that attaches to the wall cavity

45
Q

breathing mechanism

A

two actions: Inspiration (inhalation)
expiration (exhalation)

46
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

*weight of air pressure down on a surface or surrounding body
*760mmHg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
*negative resp. pressure: < 1 atmosphere -4mmHg = 756mmHg
*positive resp. pressure: > 1 atmosphere 3mmHg = 763mmHg
*zero resp. pressure: 1 atmosphere

47
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

*“intra-alveolar” pressure
*pressure in alveoli
*fluctuates wit breathing, usually equalizes with atm. pressure

48
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

*pressure in pleural cavity
*usually always -4mmHg, less than alveolar pressure
*fluctuates with breathing, always negative pressure

49
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

*intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure
*pressure that keeps lung space open
*> transpulm. pressure, the large the lungs will be

50
Q

lungs will collapse if (pressure)

A

*intrapleural pressure = intrapulmonary pressure
*intrapulmonary pressure = atmospheric pressure
*negative intrapleural pressure must be maintained to keep lungs inflated

51
Q

inspiration

A

movement of air into the lungs

52
Q

boyle’s law

A

*relationship between pressure and volume of gas
*Pressure varies inversely with volume
*gases will always fill container they are in
*if amount of gas is same & container size is reduced-pressure will increase
*if amount of gas is same & container size is increased, pressure will reduce

53
Q

during inspiration 3 things happen

A

1) rib muscles contract pulling ribs up and out
2) diaphragm contracts making it straighten and lower-enlarging thoracic cavity, decreasing atmospheric pressure
3) abdominal muscles relax-allowing compression of abdominal content.

54
Q

surface tension

A

*attraction of water molecules to one another
*makes it difficult for alveoli to inflate

55
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A

mixture of lipoprotein secreted into the alveoli, helps them to stay open.

56
Q

expiration

A

movement of air out of the lungs

57
Q

during expiration 4 things happen

A

1) external intercostal muscles relax-ribs move down
2) diaphragm relaxes-rising to original position
3) abdominal muscles contract-pushes abdominal organs against diaphragm
4) elastic fibers in lungs shrink- helps force air out

58
Q

respiratory cycle

A

one inspiration and one expiration

59
Q

tidal volume

A

*volume of air that enters or leaves during a respiratory cycle
*approximately 500mL (~1 pint) of air is exchanged

60
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A
  • volume of air that enters the lungs during forced inspiration
    *about 3000mL
61
Q

expiratory resever volume

A

*volume of air that leaves the lungs during forced expiration
*about 1100mL
*some air always remains in the lungs

62
Q

residual volume

A

*volume of air that remains in the lungs after expiration
*about 1200mL

63
Q

vital capacity

A

*maximum amount of air exhaled after taking the deepest possible breath
*vital capacity = tidal vol. + insp. reserve vol. + exp. reserve vol.

64
Q

total lung capacity

A

*total lung capacity = vital capacity + residual volume
*about 5800mL

65
Q

minute ventilation

A

*volume of new atmospheric air moved into the respiratory passage each minute
*minute ventilation = tidal volume * respiratory rate
*much of the air remains in the physiologic dead space

66
Q

alveolar ventilation rate

A

*the volume of air that reaches the alveoli
*alveolar vent. rate = tidal vol. - dead space * respiratory rate
*impacts the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli

67
Q

non-respiratory movements

A

*air movements other than breathing that clear air passages or express emotion
*coughing, sneezing, laughing, crying, hiccup, yawn, speech

68
Q

respiratory control center

A

*nerves from lungs, diaphragm, and external intercostals lead to a respiratory control center in the brainstem
*medulla oblongata and pons

69
Q

resp. center of medulla oblongata

A

*ventral resp. group-controls basic rhythm of breathing
*dorsal resp. group-controls rate and depth of breathing

70
Q

resp. center of the pons

A

contributes to rate of breathing by limiting inspiration

71
Q

partial pressure of gas

A

*amount of pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure
*method of referring to the relative amounts of gases in a mixture instead of using concentrations

72
Q

factors that affect breathing

A

*partial pressure of O2
*partial pressure of CO2
*degree of stretching of the lungs
*emotional state & level of physical activity
*Mechanoreceptors & Chemoreceptors

73
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

*located in the medulla oblongata, respond to changes in blood pH
*CO2 crosses blood-brain barrier>combines w/H2O from CSF>forms carbonic acid>releases hydrogen ions>ventilation increases

74
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

*located in carotid and aortic bodies in walls of carotid sinus and aortic arch
*when blood oxygen decreases>receptors stimulate respiratory center>increases breathing rate & tidal volume
*does not play major role until partial pressure of O2 is <50%of normal

75
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

*stretching of lung tissue triggers inflation reflex
*reduces during inspiratory movements
*prevents overinflation of the lungs during forceful breathing

76
Q

exchange of gasses

A

*pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to lungs
*arteries>arterioles>capillaries>respiratory membrane< alveoli<bronchioli<bronchioles<bronchi<bronchus
*air in alveoli-high in O2, blood in capillaries-high in CO2
*O2 diffuses from air into blood capillaries
*CO2 diffuses from blood into alveolar air

77
Q

alveoli

A

*site of gas exchanged between the air and blood
*alveolar pores permit air to pass from one alveoli to another=alternative air pathways
*alveolar macrophages help clean alveoli

78
Q

alveolar cell types

A

*most are simple squamous epithelium (Type I cells)
*some cells secrete pulmonary surfactant (Type II cells)

79
Q

respiratory membrane

A

*alveolar wall-simple squamous epithelium
*blood capillary wall-simple squamous epithelium
*basement membranes-thin layer that lies between alveolus and capillaries

80
Q
A
81
Q

factors that influence diffusion

A

*amount of surface area
*distance gas molecules must travel
*gas solubility
*partial pressure gradient

82
Q

gas transport

A

*O2- 98% of O2 bound to HGB in RBC, 2% dissolved in plasma
*CO2-metabolic byproduct of cellular respiration, 7-10%-dissolved in plasma, 20% bound to HGB in RBC, 70%- transported as bicarbonate ions HCO3-
** CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3 <> H+ + HCO3- **

83
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

*O2 is loosely bound to iron in the heme unit of each of the 4 polypeptide chains in hemoglobin.
*1 hemoglobin can bind to 4 oxygen molecules

84
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

*enzyme that helps form carbonic acid when CO2 combines with H2O

85
Q

chloride shift

A

*as negatively charged bicarbonate ions diffuse out of RBC, chloride ions from plasma diffuse into the RBC
*maintains the electrical charge in the RBC

86
Q

carbonic acid

A

*H2CO3-
*carbon dioxide combined with water
*CO2 + H2O = H2CO3-

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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