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Anatomy and Physiology II > 28) Pregnancy, Growth, & Development > Flashcards

28) Pregnancy, Growth, & Development Flashcards

1-15 quiz, 16-?? lecture notes

1
Q

this is the term for the developing organism from eight weeks until birth

A

fetus

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2
Q

the process of developing the tree germ layers

A

gastrulation

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3
Q

this is the term for developing organism up until eight weeks

A

embryo

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4
Q

hormone secreted by the corpus luteum that maintains the uterine lining

A

progesterone

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5
Q

hormone that targets mammary glands for milk production

A

prolactin

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6
Q

hormone secreted by extraembryonic tissue to maintain pregnancy

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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7
Q

the term for the structure that is a ball of cells

A

morula

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8
Q

the process of forming organs

A

organogenesis

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9
Q

the structure that implants in the endometrium

A

blastocytes

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10
Q

the name for the dividing cells via mitosis in the early embryo

A

cleavage

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11
Q

structure that is formed from embryonic and maternal tissue

A

placenta

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12
Q

implantation normally takes place here

A

uterus

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13
Q

fertilization normally takes place here

A

uterine tube

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14
Q

term for the embryonic structure that has developed the three germ layers

A

gastrula

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15
Q

the name for the structure that is formed when the sperm and egg combine

A

zygote

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16
Q

pregnancy

A

*presence of a developing offspring in the uterus
*3 trimesters (each 3 months long)
*sperm reach secondary oocyte, fertilized 24-48hrs
*after 38weeks cell division, grow distinctive organs/tissue
*prenatal- period from fertilization to birth
*postnatal- birth to death

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17
Q

fertilization

A

*sperms chromosomes combine with those of secondary oocyte
*fertilized oocyte is called a Zygote

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18
Q

sperm transport

A

*sperm viable for up to 6 days after ejaculation
*most sperm doesnt make the 12cm trip to egg
*a few thousand out of millions make it to oocyte
*once at ovulated oocyte, must breach the outer layer to fertilize egg

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19
Q

layers of ovulated oocyte

A

*corona radiata
*zona pellucida
*secondary oocyte

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20
Q

acrosomal reaction

A

several steps to sperm reaching oocyte:
1)approach, 2)acrosomal reaction, 3)binding, 4)fusion of membranes

21
Q

1) approach

A

*aided by enzymes, sperm weaves thru corona radiata
*binds to sperm-binding receptors in zona pellucida, causing calcium channels of sperm to open, triggers acrosomal reaction

22
Q

2) acrosomal reaction

A

*calcium influx, enzymes from many sperm are released, they digest holes in zona pellucida
*acrosomes in region release enzymes to digest zona pellucida
*many needed to clear path to oocyte membrane

23
Q

3) binding

A

*after path cleared, sperm forcibly swims to oocyte membrane
*acrosomal collar on rear portion of acrosomal membrane binds to oocyte plasma & sperm-binding receptors
*oocyte form microvilli that wrap around sperm, triggers fusion of oocyte & sperm

24
Q

4) fusion of membrane

A

*oocyte & sperm fuse
*cytoplasmic contents of sperm enter oocyte
*tail and other parts are left behind on oocyte membrane surface

25
Q

polyspermy & monospermy

A

*polyspermy- many sperm enter oocyte
*monospermy- one sperm enters oocyte

26
Q

blocks to polyspermy

A

*oocyte membrane blocks
*zona reaction
*cortical reaction

27
Q

oocyte membrane block

A

when sperm binds to sperm-binding receptor on oocyte:
*sodium ion cates open > depolarize entire membrane
*other sperm cannot bind to oocyte membrane
*aka Fast block to polyspermy

28
Q

zona reaction

A

entry of sperm into oocyte triggers calcium surge
*activation of second meiotic division

29
Q

cortical reaction

A

granules inside oocyte membrane release zona inhibiting protein
*ZIP enzyme, into extracellular space below zona pellucida
*zip destroys zona pellucida sperm-binding receptors
*fragments swell, detaching any other sperm still around

30
Q

completion of meiosis II and fertilization

A

*calcium surge triggers completion of meiosis II
*ovum nucleus swells to become female pronucleus
*sperm moves towards oocyte, swells, forms male pronucleus
*DNA in each replicates, nuclear envelope dissolves, releases chromosomes near mitotic spindle
*chromosomes combine, forming diploid zygote, fertilization occurs

31
Q

cleavage

A

*occurs while zygote moves towards uterus
*rapid miotic division, 36hrs, produces blastomeres
*after 72hrs, cluster of cells contains 16 or more ells: morula

32
Q

blastocyst formation

A

*around day 4-5, embryo reaches uterus
*approx 100 cells, called a blastocyte-fluid filled hollow sphere
*blastocyte: trophoblast cells & embryoblast
*float for 2-3days, nourished by uterine secretions

33
Q

trophoblast

A

*participates in placenta formation
*displays immunosuppressive factors

34
Q

embryolast

A

*cluster of 20-30rounded cells
*becomes embryonic disc, will form embryo & 3-4 extraembryonic membranes

35
Q

implantation

A

*6-7 days after ovulation, trophoblasts adhere to site
*endometrium/uterine blood vessels become permeable & leaky
emndometrium eroded, blastocyte burrows>lining, endometrium covers implanted blastocyte corpus luteum maintained by hCG
**

36
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

*prevents menstruation
*secreted by trophoblasts & chorion>
*corpus luteum secretion of progesterone & estrogen>
*placental development

37
Q

placenta

A

*temporary organ that originates from embryonic & maternal tissue
*fully formed & functional by 3months
*provides nutritive, respiratory, excretory & endocrine function
*maternal & embryo blood supplies do not intermix

38
Q

embryonic stage

A

*extends from beginning of 2nd week thru 8th week

39
Q

extraembryonic membrane

A

forms during first 2-3 weeks of development from gastrula

40
Q

amnion

A

*epiblast cells form transparent sac filled with amniotic fluid
*buoyant environment, protects/free movement of embryo/fetus
*maintains constant temp

41
Q

yolk sac

A

*sac that hangs from ventral surface of embryo
*forms part of digestive tube
*source of earliest blood cells and blood vessels

42
Q

allantois

A

*small out pocketing at caudal end of yolk sac
*structural base for umbilical cord
*becomes part of urinary bladder

43
Q

chorion

A

*helps form placenta
*encloses embryonic body & other membranes

44
Q

gastrulation

A

*movement of cells within the embryonic disc form multiple layers

45
Q

germ layer formation

A

gastrulation occurs 3weeks, embryonic disc transforms into 3 layer embryo with 3 layers:
*ectoderm, *mesoderm, *endoderm (all primitive tissues, organs derive from)

46
Q

ectoderm

A

become nervous system & skin epidermis

47
Q

endoderm

A

become epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory, urogenital, & glands

48
Q

mesoderm

A

becomes everything else

49
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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