testing testing 1 Flashcards
1-101 exam 1, 102- exam2
after hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, what ultimately happens to the heme?
it is removed by the liver as bile pigment
what is the difference between serum and plasma?
plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not
which of the following is correct concerning granulocytes?
all of these are correct (larger than an RBC, )
the most important action of plasma albumin is
helping maintain colloid osmotic pressure
oxyhemoglobin is ___ in color, whereas deoxyhemoglobin is ___ in color
bright red; bluish
the red blood cells of type AB blood have on their surfaces
Antigens A and B
nonprotein nitrogenous substances include
all of these are correct (amino acids, creatinine, urea)
leukocytosis is an increase in WBC count above 10,000/mm3 blood and can occur
all of these are correct (during emotional disturbances, following vigorous exercise, during acute infections)
which of the following usually accounts for the smallest percentage of leukocytes in a blood sample?
basophiles
platelets are best described as
Cytoplasmic fragments of cells
the percentage of red blood cells in a sample of human blood is normally above
45%
a person with type ___ blood are sometimes called universal donors
O
blood platelets
all of these are correct (lack a nuclei, release serotonin, number from 130,000/360,000mm3 blood)
which of the following elements is included in hemoglobin molecules?
iron
which type of blood vessel holds the greatest volume of blood
vein
the systemic circuit
brings oxygenated blood to the tissue
valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the
bicuspid valve
receives blood from systemic veins
right atrium
which of the following represents the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves in passing from the vena cava to the lungs?
right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve
which of the following is least important in returning blood to the heart?
the pushing of blood by the arterial system
the right atrium receives blood directly from
superior & inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
the skeleton of the heart consists of
fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices
strong elastic blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called
arteries
which of the following is responsible for returning blood to the heart
all of the above (negative pressure in the thoracic cavity, pumping action of skeletal muscle, valves in the veins)
when the ventricular walls contract
the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close
type of vessel whose walls are thin enough to allow the exchange of gasses between the blood and tissue fluid are
capillaries
the outermost serous membrane that anchors the heart to the diaphragm
fibrous pericardium
only ___ of blood is pushed into the ventricles by atrial systole
30%
in an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by
repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers
cardiac output is calculated by
multiplying stroke volume by heart rate
type of vessels that received blood from the capillaries are the
venules
the pulmonary circuit
sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs
sends blood to the systemic circuit
left ventricle
in an ECG pattern, the P-Q interval indicates how long it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the
SA node to the ventricular muscle fibers
plasma proteins that remain in the blood capillaries help to
maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood
factors that increase heart rate and blood pressure include
all of these are correct (increase in body temperature, emotional response, exercise)
the inner lining of the heart is the
endocardium
if lymphatic tissue is removed from an axillary region, the arm on that side is likely to
become edematous
innate defenses are
fast and nonspecific
thymosin is thought to stimulate the maturation of
T lymphocytes
the lymph nodes of the abdominal region receive lymph mainly from the
abdominal viscera
the region of a lymph node through which blood vessels pass is called the
hilum
the lymph nodes of the cervical region receive lymph mainly from the
scalp and face
the spleen is muck like a lymph node except that the spleen
filters blood
T lymphocytes are responsible for
cell-mediated immunity
___ transport fat from the small intestine to the circulatory system
lacteals
tissue fluid is ___ and lymph is ___
forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries and rich in proteins
a primary immune response is ___, and a secondary immune response is ___
responsible for producing antibodies within five to ten days after exposure to antigens; responsible for producing antibodies after exposure to the same antigen
which of the following actions does not help move lymph in the lymphatic system?
ventricular contraction
which of the following is an agranulocyte?
monocyte
pus is composed of
all of these are correct (damaged body cells, bacteria, leukocytes)
biliverdin and bilirubin are pigments that result from the breakdown of RBCs; biliverdin is ___ in color and bilirubin is ___ in color
greenish; orange
the hormone that is released from the kidneys that promotes the production of red blood cells is
erythropoietin
of the following, which are most active as phagocytes?
neutrophils
blood is responsible for
all of the above (transporting substances, maintaining stable interstitial fluids, distributing heat)
which of the following is correct concerning granulocytes?
all of these are correct (larger than RBC, formed in the red bone marrow, contain granules in the cytoplasm)
which of the following formed elements releases serotonin?
platelets
which of the following correctly describes the location of the heart chambers and valves?
bicuspid valve- permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
strong elastic blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called
arteries
which of the following is true about the heart?
the apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space
plasma proteins that remain in the blood capillaries help to
maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood
layer of the heart that consists of cardiac muscle is known as
myocardium
the volume of blood that is discharged from the ventricle with each contraction is known as the
stroke volume
the correct sequence of parts that function to carry cardiac impulses is
S-A node, A-V node, A-V bundle, Purkinje fibers
which of the following layers of the heart and their functions are correctly matched?
myocardium-muscular contractions that force blood out of the heart
membrane that is in direct contact with the surface of the heart is known as the
visceral pericardium
factors that increase heart rate and blood pressure include
all of these are correct (emotional response, exercise, increase in body temperature)
the outermost layer of the arteries is composed of
connective tissue
the normal pacemaker of the heart is the
sinoatrial node
the cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are
lymphocytes and macrophages
the structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n)
vein
T lymphocytes are responsible for
cell-mandated immunity
which of the following is an example of a specific body defense mechanism?
adaptive immunity
the formation of lymph increases as a result of
increasing osmotic pressure in tissue fluid
newborns can acquire ___ immunity through breast milk
passive
___ transport fat from the small intestine to the circulatory system
lacteals
low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it is thought
an increase in temperature slows the growth of bacteria
an antigen is ___, whereas an antibody is ___.
a substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide expressed on the surface of a cell; a globular protein that reacts with antigen
lymph fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by
the lymphatic system
an antigen is a foreign substance that causes ___, whereas an allergen is a foreign substance that causes ___.
the formation of antibodies; an allergic reaction
a hemoglobin molecule has ___ protein subunits
4
the final formation in the formation of a blood clot is
that thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
when venous pressure is too low, ___ stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of veins to contrat
sympathetic reflexes
the blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during
ventricular systole
the ___ of the systemic circuit sends oxygen and nutrient rich blood to body cells
aorta
which of the following correctly describes the location of the heart chambers and valves?
bicuspid valve-permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
in an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by
repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers
valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the
bicuspid valve
the most active phagocytic cells found in circulating blood are
neutrophils and monocytes
the spleen can be described as
resembling a large lymph node that is divided into nodules
the lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the
arm and mammary gland
lymph differs from plasma in that
plasma contains more protein than lymph
lymph nodes occur in groups throughout the body except in the
central nervous system
which of the following is not associated with the lymphatic system
pancreas
disease-causing agents are called
pathogens
which of the following is the correct sequence for the development of a red blood cell?
hemopoetic stem cell, erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte
a primary function of lymphocytes is to
act against foreign substances
erythropoeitin release increases in oxygen depleted conditions in response to the bodys need
increasing red blood cell production
the blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during
ventricular systole
in an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by
repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers
because net inward pressure in venular capillary ends is less than net outward pressure at the arteriolar ends of capillaries
more fluid leaves the capillaries than returns
when venous pressure is too low, ___ stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of veins to contract
sympathetic reflexes
the outermost layer of the arteries is composed of
connective tissue
valves between the left atrium and left ventricle is the
bicuspid valve
sends blood to the systemic circuit
left ventricle
the spleen
all of these are correct (contains nodules similar to lymphatic nodules, is the largest lymphatic organ, contains numerous phagocytic cells)
the percentage of red blood cells in a sample of human blood is normally about
45%
Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the
hypothalamus
the specificity of hormone action derives from
target cell receptors that are unique for each hormones
steroid hormones are derived from
cholesterol
all hormones are
organic compunds
steriod hormones
all of these (are soluble in lipids, act by causing the synthesis of messenger RNA molecules, combine with protein receptor molecules)
adenylate cyclase cause ATP molecules to become ___ molecules
cyclic AMP
the definition of endocrine is also the unique identifier for the system. It means
internal secretion
growth hormones
all of the above (enhance the movement of amino acids into cells, stimulates bone and muscle growth, increases the rate of protein synthesis)
hormones
all of the choices are correct (help regulate water and electrolyte balance and blood pressure, have functions in growth, reproduction and development, regulate metabolism)
the hormone that triggers the breakdown of glycogen into glucose when the body needs more energy is called
glucagon
part of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
insulin causes
a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose
nonsteroid hormones act upon their target cell by causing
the activation of adenylate cyclase
as a result of the general response to stress, the blood concentration of epinephrine
and cortisol rise
tropic hormones
stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones
which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion?
prolactin
aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to
conserve sodium and excrete potassium
___ controls hormone concentration
negative feedback mechanisms
the digestive functions of saliva include
all of these are correct (dissolving food chemicals, digesting starch into disaccharides, acting as a lubricant during swallowing)
which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for absorption of nutrients?
mucosa
which of the following are major functions of the liver?
all of these are correct (storage of certain molecules, blood filtering, secretion of bile)
outermost layer of alimentary canal wall
serosa
which of the following is the most important organ for forming and storing feces
large intestine
cholesterol and bile salts are reabsorbed by
the small intestine
the parietal cells of gastric glands secrete
hydrochloric acid
the hormone called secretin functions to
stimulate the release of pancreatic juice
proteins begin to be broken down in the
stomach
valve between stomach and small intestine
pyloric sphincter
pancreatic digestive secretions are regulated by
all of these are correct (cholecystokinin, parasympathetic impulses, secretin)
the mechanism of swallowing involves
all of these are correct (food being forced into the pharynx, involuntary reflexes moving food into the esophagus, peristaltic contractions moving food through the esophagus)
digestion of which of the following would be affected the most in the liver were severely damaged?
lipids
alimentary canal layer that is rich in blood vessels that carry away absorbed materials
submucosa
bile is made by which organ?
liver
what type of cell secretes HCl
parietal cell
salivary amylase digests
carbohydrates
bile salts act like detergents in that they ___ fat globules
emulsify
the correct sequence for the layers within the walls of the alimentary canal from inside to outside is the
mucous membrane, submucosa, muscular layer, serous layer
gastric juice contains enzymes, HCl, intrinsic factor and
mucus
cortisol acts to
stimulate the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates
an example of a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla is
none of these is correct (aldosterone, mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid)
the hormone that causes calcium to be deposited in bone is
calcitronin
which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions
pancrease
ADH and oxcytocin are secreted by
the posterior pituitary
the endocrine gland that is located on the superior most portion of the kidneys is the
adrenal gland
tropic hormones
stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones
which of these hormones is secreted from the adrenal cortex
cortisol
exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands
secrete through ducts to the exterior of the body
type of chemical secretion that affects only the neighboring cells of the secreting cell
paracrine secretions
insulin causes
a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose
gall stones may form if
bile is concentrated excessively
mixing the small intestine is accomplished by
segmentation
what is the tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach?
esophagus
which of the following is a function of the large intestine
absorption of water and electrolytes
semi-fluid paste of food and gastric juice
chyme
fleshy knob at the end of the soft palate
uvula
which of the following portions of the digestive tract have the highest bacterial population
ileum
proteins begin to be broken down in the
stomach
the ___ is the inner layer of the alimentary canal that absorbs nutrients
mucosa
valve between stomach and small intestine
pyloric sphincter
which of the following is true in regard to bile?
none of these is correct
alimentary canal layer that is rich in blood vessels that carry away absorbed materials
submucosa
the root canal of a tooth contains
blood vessels and nerves
bile is made by which organ?
liver
which of the following is the correct sequence for the digestion of lipids
emulsification by bile
hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase
dissolved in the epithelial cell membrane
formation of chylomicrons
diffusion into lacteal ducts
the epithelial cells that form the inner lining of the small intestine
are replaced every few days
which of the following portions of the digestive tract have the highest bacterial population?
ileum
the greater omentum is composed of the
peritoneal membrane
the digestive system
ingests food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the remainder
when nutrients are digested but are not taken in by the intestinal tissue, the condition is called
malabsorption
a characteristic shared by all enzymes involved in protein digestion is that all are
secreted in an inactive form
cortisol acts to
stimulate the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates
which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
pancreas
triiodothyronine is a hormone secreted by the
thyroid gland
hormones that the posterior pituitary gland secretes are synthesized in the
hypothalamus
ADH and oxcytocin are secreted by
the posterior pituitary
which of the following hormones exerts its effect primarily upon the reproductive organs?
follicle-stimulating hormone
the hormone that the pineal gland secretes is
melatonin
the secretions of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the
concentration of blood calcium
the hormone that triggers the breakdown of glycogen into glucose when the body needs more energy is called
glucagon
exocrine glands differ from endocrine gland in that exocrine glands
secrete through ducts to the exterior of the body
the main part of the stomach is called
none of these is correct
the bile canals of the liver unite to form the
hepatic ducts
small droplets of fat encased in proteins within the small intestine
chylomicrons
first portion of the large intestine
cecum
one of the major functions of the large intestine is to
reabsorb water from chyme
the greater omentum is composed of the
peritoneal membrane
a relatively new treatment in the management of gastric ulcers is a drug that inhibits the production of HCl in the stomach. if a person took this medication for a long period, the digestion of which of the following would be affected the most?
proteins
peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract
from the pharynx to the anus
longest and third part of the small intestine
ileum
which of the following is a function of the large intestine?
absorption of water and electrolytes
which of the following is NOT an example of innate defenses?
antibody production
the two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunk are the
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
