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Anatomy and Physiology II > testing testing 1 > Flashcards

testing testing 1 Flashcards

1-101 exam 1, 102- exam2

1
Q

after hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, what ultimately happens to the heme?

A

it is removed by the liver as bile pigment

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2
Q

what is the difference between serum and plasma?

A

plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not

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3
Q

which of the following is correct concerning granulocytes?

A

all of these are correct (larger than an RBC, )

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4
Q

the most important action of plasma albumin is

A

helping maintain colloid osmotic pressure

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5
Q

oxyhemoglobin is ___ in color, whereas deoxyhemoglobin is ___ in color

A

bright red; bluish

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6
Q

the red blood cells of type AB blood have on their surfaces

A

Antigens A and B

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7
Q

nonprotein nitrogenous substances include

A

all of these are correct (amino acids, creatinine, urea)

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8
Q

leukocytosis is an increase in WBC count above 10,000/mm3 blood and can occur

A

all of these are correct (during emotional disturbances, following vigorous exercise, during acute infections)

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9
Q

which of the following usually accounts for the smallest percentage of leukocytes in a blood sample?

A

basophiles

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10
Q

platelets are best described as

A

Cytoplasmic fragments of cells

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11
Q

the percentage of red blood cells in a sample of human blood is normally above

A

45%

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12
Q

a person with type ___ blood are sometimes called universal donors

A

O

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13
Q

blood platelets

A

all of these are correct (lack a nuclei, release serotonin, number from 130,000/360,000mm3 blood)

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14
Q

which of the following elements is included in hemoglobin molecules?

A

iron

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15
Q

which type of blood vessel holds the greatest volume of blood

A

vein

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16
Q

the systemic circuit

A

brings oxygenated blood to the tissue

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17
Q

valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the

A

bicuspid valve

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18
Q

receives blood from systemic veins

A

right atrium

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19
Q

which of the following represents the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves in passing from the vena cava to the lungs?

A

right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve

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20
Q

which of the following is least important in returning blood to the heart?

A

the pushing of blood by the arterial system

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21
Q

the right atrium receives blood directly from

A

superior & inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

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22
Q

the skeleton of the heart consists of

A

fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices

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23
Q

strong elastic blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called

A

arteries

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24
Q

which of the following is responsible for returning blood to the heart

A

all of the above (negative pressure in the thoracic cavity, pumping action of skeletal muscle, valves in the veins)

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25
Q

when the ventricular walls contract

A

the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close

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26
Q

type of vessel whose walls are thin enough to allow the exchange of gasses between the blood and tissue fluid are

A

capillaries

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27
Q

the outermost serous membrane that anchors the heart to the diaphragm

A

fibrous pericardium

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28
Q

only ___ of blood is pushed into the ventricles by atrial systole

A

30%

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29
Q

in an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by

A

repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers

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30
Q

cardiac output is calculated by

A

multiplying stroke volume by heart rate

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31
Q

type of vessels that received blood from the capillaries are the

A

venules

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32
Q

the pulmonary circuit

A

sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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33
Q

sends blood to the systemic circuit

A

left ventricle

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34
Q

in an ECG pattern, the P-Q interval indicates how long it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the

A

SA node to the ventricular muscle fibers

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35
Q

plasma proteins that remain in the blood capillaries help to

A

maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood

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36
Q

factors that increase heart rate and blood pressure include

A

all of these are correct (increase in body temperature, emotional response, exercise)

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37
Q

the inner lining of the heart is the

A

endocardium

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38
Q

if lymphatic tissue is removed from an axillary region, the arm on that side is likely to

A

become edematous

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39
Q

innate defenses are

A

fast and nonspecific

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40
Q

thymosin is thought to stimulate the maturation of

A

T lymphocytes

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41
Q

the lymph nodes of the abdominal region receive lymph mainly from the

A

abdominal viscera

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42
Q

the region of a lymph node through which blood vessels pass is called the

A

hilum

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43
Q

the lymph nodes of the cervical region receive lymph mainly from the

A

scalp and face

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44
Q

the spleen is muck like a lymph node except that the spleen

A

filters blood

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45
Q

T lymphocytes are responsible for

A

cell-mediated immunity

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46
Q

___ transport fat from the small intestine to the circulatory system

A

lacteals

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47
Q

tissue fluid is ___ and lymph is ___

A

forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries and rich in proteins

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48
Q

a primary immune response is ___, and a secondary immune response is ___

A

responsible for producing antibodies within five to ten days after exposure to antigens; responsible for producing antibodies after exposure to the same antigen

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49
Q

which of the following actions does not help move lymph in the lymphatic system?

A

ventricular contraction

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50
Q

which of the following is an agranulocyte?

A

monocyte

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51
Q

pus is composed of

A

all of these are correct (damaged body cells, bacteria, leukocytes)

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52
Q

biliverdin and bilirubin are pigments that result from the breakdown of RBCs; biliverdin is ___ in color and bilirubin is ___ in color

A

greenish; orange

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53
Q

the hormone that is released from the kidneys that promotes the production of red blood cells is

A

erythropoietin

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54
Q

of the following, which are most active as phagocytes?

A

neutrophils

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55
Q

blood is responsible for

A

all of the above (transporting substances, maintaining stable interstitial fluids, distributing heat)

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56
Q

which of the following is correct concerning granulocytes?

A

all of these are correct (larger than RBC, formed in the red bone marrow, contain granules in the cytoplasm)

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57
Q

which of the following formed elements releases serotonin?

A

platelets

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58
Q

which of the following correctly describes the location of the heart chambers and valves?

A

bicuspid valve- permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

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59
Q

strong elastic blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called

A

arteries

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60
Q

which of the following is true about the heart?

A

the apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space

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61
Q

plasma proteins that remain in the blood capillaries help to

A

maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood

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62
Q

layer of the heart that consists of cardiac muscle is known as

A

myocardium

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63
Q

the volume of blood that is discharged from the ventricle with each contraction is known as the

A

stroke volume

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64
Q

the correct sequence of parts that function to carry cardiac impulses is

A

S-A node, A-V node, A-V bundle, Purkinje fibers

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65
Q

which of the following layers of the heart and their functions are correctly matched?

A

myocardium-muscular contractions that force blood out of the heart

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66
Q

membrane that is in direct contact with the surface of the heart is known as the

A

visceral pericardium

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67
Q

factors that increase heart rate and blood pressure include

A

all of these are correct (emotional response, exercise, increase in body temperature)

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68
Q

the outermost layer of the arteries is composed of

A

connective tissue

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69
Q

the normal pacemaker of the heart is the

A

sinoatrial node

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70
Q

the cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

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71
Q

the structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n)

A

vein

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72
Q

T lymphocytes are responsible for

A

cell-mandated immunity

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73
Q

which of the following is an example of a specific body defense mechanism?

A

adaptive immunity

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74
Q

the formation of lymph increases as a result of

A

increasing osmotic pressure in tissue fluid

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75
Q

newborns can acquire ___ immunity through breast milk

A

passive

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76
Q

___ transport fat from the small intestine to the circulatory system

A

lacteals

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77
Q

low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it is thought

A

an increase in temperature slows the growth of bacteria

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78
Q

an antigen is ___, whereas an antibody is ___.

A

a substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide expressed on the surface of a cell; a globular protein that reacts with antigen

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79
Q

lymph fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by

A

the lymphatic system

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80
Q

an antigen is a foreign substance that causes ___, whereas an allergen is a foreign substance that causes ___.

A

the formation of antibodies; an allergic reaction

81
Q

a hemoglobin molecule has ___ protein subunits

A

4

82
Q

the final formation in the formation of a blood clot is

A

that thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

83
Q

when venous pressure is too low, ___ stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of veins to contrat

A

sympathetic reflexes

84
Q

the blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during

A

ventricular systole

85
Q

the ___ of the systemic circuit sends oxygen and nutrient rich blood to body cells

A

aorta

86
Q

which of the following correctly describes the location of the heart chambers and valves?

A

bicuspid valve-permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

87
Q

in an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by

A

repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers

88
Q

valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the

A

bicuspid valve

89
Q

the most active phagocytic cells found in circulating blood are

A

neutrophils and monocytes

90
Q

the spleen can be described as

A

resembling a large lymph node that is divided into nodules

91
Q

the lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the

A

arm and mammary gland

92
Q

lymph differs from plasma in that

A

plasma contains more protein than lymph

93
Q

lymph nodes occur in groups throughout the body except in the

A

central nervous system

94
Q

which of the following is not associated with the lymphatic system

A

pancreas

95
Q

disease-causing agents are called

A

pathogens

96
Q

which of the following is the correct sequence for the development of a red blood cell?

A

hemopoetic stem cell, erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

97
Q

a primary function of lymphocytes is to

A

act against foreign substances

98
Q

erythropoeitin release increases in oxygen depleted conditions in response to the bodys need

A

increasing red blood cell production

99
Q

the blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during

A

ventricular systole

100
Q

in an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by

A

repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers

101
Q

because net inward pressure in venular capillary ends is less than net outward pressure at the arteriolar ends of capillaries

A

more fluid leaves the capillaries than returns

102
Q

when venous pressure is too low, ___ stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of veins to contract

A

sympathetic reflexes

103
Q

the outermost layer of the arteries is composed of

A

connective tissue

104
Q

valves between the left atrium and left ventricle is the

A

bicuspid valve

105
Q

sends blood to the systemic circuit

A

left ventricle

106
Q

the spleen

A

all of these are correct (contains nodules similar to lymphatic nodules, is the largest lymphatic organ, contains numerous phagocytic cells)

107
Q

the percentage of red blood cells in a sample of human blood is normally about

A

45%

108
Q

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the

A

hypothalamus

109
Q

the specificity of hormone action derives from

A

target cell receptors that are unique for each hormones

110
Q

steroid hormones are derived from

A

cholesterol

111
Q

all hormones are

A

organic compunds

112
Q

steriod hormones

A

all of these (are soluble in lipids, act by causing the synthesis of messenger RNA molecules, combine with protein receptor molecules)

113
Q

adenylate cyclase cause ATP molecules to become ___ molecules

A

cyclic AMP

114
Q

the definition of endocrine is also the unique identifier for the system. It means

A

internal secretion

115
Q

growth hormones

A

all of the above (enhance the movement of amino acids into cells, stimulates bone and muscle growth, increases the rate of protein synthesis)

116
Q

hormones

A

all of the choices are correct (help regulate water and electrolyte balance and blood pressure, have functions in growth, reproduction and development, regulate metabolism)

117
Q

the hormone that triggers the breakdown of glycogen into glucose when the body needs more energy is called

A

glucagon

118
Q

part of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

119
Q

insulin causes

A

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

120
Q

nonsteroid hormones act upon their target cell by causing

A

the activation of adenylate cyclase

121
Q

as a result of the general response to stress, the blood concentration of epinephrine

A

and cortisol rise

122
Q

tropic hormones

A

stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones

123
Q

which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion?

A

prolactin

124
Q

aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

A

conserve sodium and excrete potassium

125
Q

___ controls hormone concentration

A

negative feedback mechanisms

126
Q

the digestive functions of saliva include

A

all of these are correct (dissolving food chemicals, digesting starch into disaccharides, acting as a lubricant during swallowing)

127
Q

which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for absorption of nutrients?

A

mucosa

128
Q

which of the following are major functions of the liver?

A

all of these are correct (storage of certain molecules, blood filtering, secretion of bile)

129
Q

outermost layer of alimentary canal wall

A

serosa

130
Q

which of the following is the most important organ for forming and storing feces

A

large intestine

131
Q

cholesterol and bile salts are reabsorbed by

A

the small intestine

132
Q

the parietal cells of gastric glands secrete

A

hydrochloric acid

133
Q

the hormone called secretin functions to

A

stimulate the release of pancreatic juice

134
Q

proteins begin to be broken down in the

A

stomach

135
Q

valve between stomach and small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

136
Q

pancreatic digestive secretions are regulated by

A

all of these are correct (cholecystokinin, parasympathetic impulses, secretin)

137
Q

the mechanism of swallowing involves

A

all of these are correct (food being forced into the pharynx, involuntary reflexes moving food into the esophagus, peristaltic contractions moving food through the esophagus)

138
Q

digestion of which of the following would be affected the most in the liver were severely damaged?

A

lipids

139
Q

alimentary canal layer that is rich in blood vessels that carry away absorbed materials

A

submucosa

140
Q

bile is made by which organ?

A

liver

141
Q

what type of cell secretes HCl

A

parietal cell

142
Q

salivary amylase digests

A

carbohydrates

143
Q

bile salts act like detergents in that they ___ fat globules

A

emulsify

144
Q

the correct sequence for the layers within the walls of the alimentary canal from inside to outside is the

A

mucous membrane, submucosa, muscular layer, serous layer

145
Q

gastric juice contains enzymes, HCl, intrinsic factor and

A

mucus

146
Q

cortisol acts to

A

stimulate the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates

147
Q

an example of a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla is

A

none of these is correct (aldosterone, mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid)

148
Q

the hormone that causes calcium to be deposited in bone is

A

calcitronin

149
Q

which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

pancrease

150
Q

ADH and oxcytocin are secreted by

A

the posterior pituitary

151
Q

the endocrine gland that is located on the superior most portion of the kidneys is the

A

adrenal gland

152
Q

tropic hormones

A

stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones

153
Q

which of these hormones is secreted from the adrenal cortex

A

cortisol

154
Q

exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands

A

secrete through ducts to the exterior of the body

155
Q

type of chemical secretion that affects only the neighboring cells of the secreting cell

A

paracrine secretions

156
Q

insulin causes

A

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

157
Q

gall stones may form if

A

bile is concentrated excessively

158
Q

mixing the small intestine is accomplished by

A

segmentation

159
Q

what is the tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach?

A

esophagus

160
Q

which of the following is a function of the large intestine

A

absorption of water and electrolytes

161
Q

semi-fluid paste of food and gastric juice

A

chyme

162
Q

fleshy knob at the end of the soft palate

A

uvula

163
Q

which of the following portions of the digestive tract have the highest bacterial population

A

ileum

164
Q

proteins begin to be broken down in the

A

stomach

165
Q

the ___ is the inner layer of the alimentary canal that absorbs nutrients

A

mucosa

166
Q

valve between stomach and small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

167
Q

which of the following is true in regard to bile?

A

none of these is correct

168
Q

alimentary canal layer that is rich in blood vessels that carry away absorbed materials

A

submucosa

169
Q

the root canal of a tooth contains

A

blood vessels and nerves

170
Q

bile is made by which organ?

A

liver

171
Q

which of the following is the correct sequence for the digestion of lipids

A

emulsification by bile
hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase
dissolved in the epithelial cell membrane
formation of chylomicrons
diffusion into lacteal ducts

172
Q

the epithelial cells that form the inner lining of the small intestine

A

are replaced every few days

173
Q

which of the following portions of the digestive tract have the highest bacterial population?

A

ileum

174
Q

the greater omentum is composed of the

A

peritoneal membrane

175
Q

the digestive system

A

ingests food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the remainder

176
Q

when nutrients are digested but are not taken in by the intestinal tissue, the condition is called

A

malabsorption

177
Q

a characteristic shared by all enzymes involved in protein digestion is that all are

A

secreted in an inactive form

178
Q

cortisol acts to

A

stimulate the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates

179
Q

which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

pancreas

180
Q

triiodothyronine is a hormone secreted by the

A

thyroid gland

181
Q

hormones that the posterior pituitary gland secretes are synthesized in the

A

hypothalamus

182
Q

ADH and oxcytocin are secreted by

A

the posterior pituitary

183
Q

which of the following hormones exerts its effect primarily upon the reproductive organs?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

184
Q

the hormone that the pineal gland secretes is

A

melatonin

185
Q

the secretions of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the

A

concentration of blood calcium

186
Q

the hormone that triggers the breakdown of glycogen into glucose when the body needs more energy is called

A

glucagon

187
Q

exocrine glands differ from endocrine gland in that exocrine glands

A

secrete through ducts to the exterior of the body

188
Q

the main part of the stomach is called

A

none of these is correct

189
Q

the bile canals of the liver unite to form the

A

hepatic ducts

190
Q

small droplets of fat encased in proteins within the small intestine

A

chylomicrons

191
Q

first portion of the large intestine

A

cecum

192
Q

one of the major functions of the large intestine is to

A

reabsorb water from chyme

193
Q

the greater omentum is composed of the

A

peritoneal membrane

194
Q

a relatively new treatment in the management of gastric ulcers is a drug that inhibits the production of HCl in the stomach. if a person took this medication for a long period, the digestion of which of the following would be affected the most?

A

proteins

195
Q

peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract

A

from the pharynx to the anus

196
Q

longest and third part of the small intestine

A

ileum

197
Q

which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

A

absorption of water and electrolytes

198
Q

which of the following is NOT an example of innate defenses?

A

antibody production

199
Q

the two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunk are the

A

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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