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Anatomy and Physiology II > 19) Blood Vessels > Flashcards

19) Blood Vessels Flashcards

1-13 quiz, 14- lecture notes

1
Q

long term regulation of blood pressure is guided by renin, a hormone released from the ___

A

kidneys

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2
Q

filtration results when substances are forced through capillary walls by ___ pressure.

A

hydrostatic

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3
Q

the smallest blood vessels are called ___

A

capillaries

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4
Q

the presence of plasma proteins in blood increase its ___ pressure as compared to tissue fluids.

A

osmotic

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5
Q

when contraction of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel wall occurs, the vessel is referred to as being in condition of ___

A

vasoconstriction

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6
Q

___ are vessels with large lumens that serve as blood reservoirs

A

veins

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7
Q

___ are composed of smooth muscle that encircles the entrances of capillaries and thus can control the distribution of blood within tissues

A

pre capillary sphincters

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8
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide move easily through most areas of cell membranes because they are soluble in ___

A

lipids

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9
Q

the ___ of an artery wall is largely composed of connective tissue

A

tunica externa

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10
Q

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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11
Q

the peak blood pressure driven by ventricular contraction is called

A

systolic pressure

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12
Q

the process called ___ provides the most important means of transfer of biochemicals through capillary walls

A

diffusion

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13
Q

short term regulation of blood pressure is primarily controlled by the ___

A

nervous system

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14
Q

types of vessels

A

*arteries- carry blood away from ventricles of heart, they branch, diverge and fork
*arterioles- receive blood from arteries, carried to capillaries
*capillaries- sites of exchange of substances between blood and body cells
*venules- receive blood from capillaries
*veins- carry blood towards ventricles of hear, they join, merge and converge

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15
Q

structure of blood vessel walls

A

*lumen- central space containing blood
*tunica intima- innermost layer
*tunica media- middle layer
*tunica externa- outermost layer

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16
Q

tunica intima

A

*innermost layer
*endothelium- simple squamous epithelium, lines lumin of vessels, continuous with endocardium, slick surface
*subendothelial layer- connective tissue basement membrane

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17
Q

tunica media

A

*middle layer
*mostly smooth muscle and sheets of elastin
*sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers innervate this layer
*vasoconstrict- decreases lumen diameter
*vasodilate- increases lumen diameter
*bulkiest layer responsible for maintaining blood flow and blood pressure

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18
Q

tunica externa

A

*outermost layer
*composed of loose collagen fibers, protect and reinforce wall, anchor to surrounding structures
*infiltrated with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, larger veins also contain elastic fibers

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19
Q

three types of arteries

A

*elastic arteries
*muscular arteries
*arterioles

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20
Q

elastic arteries

A

*thick walled w/ large, low-resistance lumen
*elastin found in all three tunic
*contains substantial smooth muscle, active in vasoconstriction
*act as pressure reservoirs, expand and recoil as blood is ejected from heart, continuous blood flow

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21
Q

muscular arteries

A

*distributing arteries deliver blood to body
*accounts for most of named arteries
*thickest tunica media with more smooth muscle, less elastic tissue
*active in vasoconstriction

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22
Q

arterioles

A

*smallest of all arteries
*larger contain all three tunica, smaller are single layer smooth muscles surrounded by endothelial cells
*control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation & vasoconstriction
*lead to capillary beds

23
Q

capillaries

A

*microscopic vessels allow exchange of gasses and substances
*so small only allows single RBC to pass
* thin tunica intima, one cell forms entire circumference

24
Q

intracellular clefts

A

small gaps in endothelial cells, allow fluid and solutes to pass through capillaries

25
Q

three types of capillaires

A

*continuous capillaries
*fenestrated capillaries
*sinusoidal capillaries

26
Q

continuous capillaries

A

*abundant in skin, muscles, lungs, and CNS
*form blood brain barrier in brain, enclosed with tight junction, no intercellular clefts

27
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

*found in areas involved in active filtration (kidneys), absorption (intestines), or endocrine hormone secretion
*endothelial cells contain pores like swiss cheese (fenestrations)
*increased permeability

28
Q

sinusoidal capillaries

A

*fewer tight junctions, fenestrated with large intercellular clefts (incomplete basement membranes)
*only in liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla
*blood flow is sluggish, allows modification of large molecules & blood cells, pass between blood & tissue
*contains macrophages to capture foreign invaders

29
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

regulates capillary blood flow in certain parts of the body

30
Q

exchange in capillaries

A

*water and other substances leave capillaries due to net outward pressure (filtration)
*water enters capillaries venular ends because of net inward pressure (osmosis)
*substance move in and out along length of capillaries according to their concentration gradient

31
Q

venules

A

*microscopic vessels continue from the capillaries
*endothelium, very porous, allow fluids and WBC into tissue
*large venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

32
Q

veins

A

*carry blood toward heart
*have all three tunics, thinner walls with larger lumens compared to arteries
*large lumen, good storage vessels (65% of blood supply)
*blood pressure lower than arteries
*venous valves- prevent backflow, abundant in veins of limbs
*venous sinuses- flattened veins with extremely thin walls, (e.g. coronary sinus in heart, dural sinuses in brain)

33
Q

blood pressure

A

*force of blood exerted against the inner walls of the blood vessels
*pressure in arteries of the systemic circuit
*measured in units of mm Hg (mercury)

34
Q

arterial blood pressure

A

*rises with ventricular contraction
*systolic pressure- maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction
*falls with ventricular relaxation
*diastolic pressure- minimum pressure in the arteres before the next ventricular contraction

35
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

36
Q

factors that influence Arterial Blood Pressure

A

*cardiac output
*blood volume
*peripheral resistance
*blood viscosity

37
Q

stroke volume

A

*volume of blood discharged from the ventricle with each contraction
*difference between EDV and ESV
*normal 70mL

38
Q

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

A

volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole

39
Q

end-systolic volume (ESV)

A

volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular systole

40
Q

cardiac output

A

*stroke volume per minute
*stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output
*if stroke volume or pulse increases, so does cardiac output
*if stroke volume or pulse decreases, so does cardiac output

41
Q

blood volume

A

*equals the sum of formed elements (cells and platelets) and plasma volume
*BP directly proportional to volume of blood in cardiovascular system
*low blood volume = low BP (e.g. hemmorage, dehydration)

42
Q

peripheral resistance

A

*friction between blood and walls of blood vessels
*BP must overcome this force
*contraction of smooth muscles, increases peripheral resistance
*dilation of smooth muscles, decreases peripheral resistance
*recoil of arteries maintains blood pressure during diastole

43
Q

viscosity

A

*greater viscosity= greater resistance of blood flow
*blood cells and plasma proteins increase viscosity
*BP rises with increased viscosity, BP drops with decreased viscosity

44
Q

control of blood pressure

A

*determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance
*BP = CO x PR
*

45
Q

preload

A

*measure of degree of ventricular stretch when heart is at end of diastole (EDV)
*grater the EDV, the greater the preload

46
Q

Frank-Starling law of the heart

A

relationship between fiber length before contraction and the force of the contraction

47
Q

end systolic volume influenced by

A

Preload
Contractility
Afterload

48
Q

contractility

A

amount of force generated by contraction of the heart muscle, influenced by autonomic innervation and hormones

49
Q

afterload

A

*the amount of force that the ventricle must produce to open the semilunar valves to eject blood
*increased arterial BP, increases afterload
*afterload increases, the heart must work harder to eject blood.

50
Q

venous blood flow

A

*blood flow through the venous system partially result of heart action
*muscular pump- skeletal muscle moves blood to heart
*respiratory pump- pressure changes during breathing moves blood towards heart
*sympathetic venoconstriction- smooth muscle constricts, pushing blood toward heart

51
Q

central venous pressure (CVP)

A

*blood from veins return to heart to the right atrium
*CVP is the pressure in the right atrium
*if heart is beating weakly, pressure will back up in increase venous network
*if heart is beating forcefully, pressure will decrease in the atria and venous network

52
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

*arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs
*veins carry blood to heart from lungs
*slight net outflow of fluid from capillaries due to right ventricular contraction
*small amount of water keeps alveoli moist, promotes gas exchange
* osmotic pressure draws extra water out of alveoli

53
Q

systemic circuit

A

*aorta and its branches-oxygen rich
*veins return blood from right atrium-oxygen poor

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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