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Anatomy and Physiology II > 23) digestive system > Flashcards

23) digestive system Flashcards

1-27 quiz, 28-68 lecture notes

1
Q

the part of the large intestine that stores feces before exiting the body

A

rectum

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2
Q

part of the large intestine that is separated from the ilium via a sphincter

A

cecum

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3
Q

prevents food from moving up into the nasal cavity when swallowing

A

uvula

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4
Q

location where the majority of water reabsorption occurs

A

large intestine

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5
Q

tube that moves both air and food

A

pharynx

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6
Q

the organ that secretes intrinsic factor, which is necessary for Vitamin B absorption

A

stomach

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7
Q

organ that connects the mouth to the stomach

A

esophagus

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8
Q

prevents food from moving down into the airway and is attached to the larynx

A

epiglottis

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9
Q

lots of brush border microvilli for nutrient absorption

A

jejunum

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10
Q

location of the small intestine where pancreatic juice is released into the lumen and the majority of chemical digestion takes place

A

duodenum

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11
Q

responsible for producing bile

A

liver

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12
Q

the organ responsible for ingestion and mastication

A

mouth

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13
Q

organ that produces both bicarbonate ions and an assortment of enzymes

A

pancreas

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14
Q

secretes bile in response to CCK

A

gallbladder

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15
Q

another name for the regions of the large intestine

A

colon

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16
Q

digests carbohydrates in the mouth

A

salivary amylase

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17
Q

digests proteins

A

protease

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18
Q

secreted by the pancreas to neutralize chyme

A

bicarbonate ions

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19
Q

digests carbohydrates in the small intestine

A

pancreatic amylase

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20
Q

secreted by parietal cells of the gastric glands and is required for activation of pepsinogen

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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21
Q

enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach

A

pepsin

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22
Q

the inactive form of carboxypeptidase

A

procarboxypeptidase

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23
Q

secreted by chief cells to digest proteins

A

pepsinogen

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24
Q

emulsifies fats and required for proper absorption of chylomicrons

A

bile

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25
Q

enzymes that digest DNA and RNA

A

nuclease

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26
Q

the inactive form of trypsin

A

trypsinogen

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27
Q

enzyme that digests fats, and is secreted by three organs

A

lipase

28
Q

digestive system

A

place where complex foods are broken down into small molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells

29
Q

phases of digestion

A

mechanical: food chewed and churned by muscular movmeent by alimentary canal wall
chemical: digestive enzymes, HCl breaks food down further

30
Q

alimentary canal

A

*mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine
*approx. 8 meters long

31
Q

accessory organs

A

salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

32
Q

structures of alimentary canal wall

A

*mucosa (innermost)- absorption and secretion, may contain glands that secrete digestive enzymes and mucus
*submucosa- many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves
*muscularis- 2 smooth muscle layers: circular layer- inner coat, encircle tube, contract=diameter decreases// longitudinal layer- outer coat, contract=tubes shorten
*serosa (outermost)- visceral peritoneum, secretes serous fluid

33
Q

movement in alimentary canal

A

*mixing movement- moves materials in many directions, segmentation-movement that aids in mixing by contraction & relaxation of smooth muscle
*propelling movement- moves materials in many directions, peristalsis- smooth muscles work together, producing wave like contraction to propel

34
Q

mouth structures (pt 1)

A

*lips & cheeks- keeps food between teeth for chewing, lined with mucous glands
*hard palate- bony membrane covered roof of chewing area
*soft palate- membrane extends from hard to soft plate tonsils
*uvula- knob at end of soft palate (keeps food out of nasal cavity
*tongue- skeletal muscle, covered with mucous membrane, anchored to hyoid bone, mixes food with saliva, propels to pharynx

35
Q

mouth structures (pt 2)

A

*teeth-deciduous (1st set) 20 total, 10 top, 10 bottom
*permanent- (2nd set) 32 total, 16 top, 16 bottom
*incisors- front, sharp edged (cut or nip food)
*canine (cuspids)- cone shaped (grasp and tear)
*premolars (bicuspids)- semi flat (slice and grind)
*molars- flattened (grind)

36
Q

structure of teeth

A

*crown-covered in enamel
*dentin- living tissue that is similar to bone only harder
*pulp cavity- hollow cavity in middle of tooth, contains blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue
*root- holds tooth in sockets of jawbone by fibrous periodontal ligaments covered by cementum

37
Q

salivary glands

A

*parotid gland- largest, front of ears, secrete saliva rich in amylase and serous fluid
*submandibular gland- in angles of lower jaw, serous fluid and mucus secreted
*sublingual gland- under tongue, mucus secreted

38
Q

pharynx

A

*nasopharynx
*oropharynx
*laryngopharynx
*walls of pharynx contain fibers in circular and longitudinal groups

39
Q

esophagus

A

*passes through mediastinum and penetrates the diaphragm
*provides passageway for food from pharynx to stomach
*circular muscle fivers at distal end of esophagus, known as the lower esophageal sphincter, prevents regurgitation of food from the stomach

40
Q

swallowing mechanism (3 stages)

A

*food is mixed with saliva and forced into the pharynx
*involuntary reflex actions move food into esophagus
* peristalsis transports food to the stomach
**momentarily inhibits breathing

41
Q

stomach

A

*located upper part of abdominal cavity, below diaphragm
*receives food from esophagus, mixes with gastric juices, initiates digestion of proteins
*carries on limited absorption, moves food into small intestine
*lining is thick, wrinkled membrane, holds gastric glands

42
Q

stomach structures (4 regions)

A

*cardia- small region near the esophageal opening
*fundus- ballooned superior most area
*body- main part of the stomach
*pyloric- funnel shaped area that becomes pyloric canal before entering small intestine

43
Q

gastric secretions

A

*mucous neck cells- secretes mucus
*chief cells- secrete digestive enzymes (e.g.pepsin)
*parietal cells- secret hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (aids in absorption of vitamin B12)
**gastirc juice- combination of mucus, pepsin, lipase, HCl and intrinsic factor

44
Q

gastric absorption

A

*stomach not well adapted to absorb digestive products
*stomach absorbs some water, certain salts, certain lipid-soluble drugs and alcohol

45
Q

mixing and emptying action of stomach

A

*as stomach fills, walls stretch, mixes fluid, paste of food and gastric juice known as Chyme
*peristaltic wave move chyme into pyloric region
*muscle wall pyloric region regulates chyme movement into the small intestine
*rate of emptying depends on fluidity of chyme and food present >fats, proteins, carbohydrates

46
Q

liver structures

A

**largest gland of body, below diaphragm RUQ
*right lobe- largest
*left lobe- smallest
*quadrate lobe- minor lobe near gallbladder
*caudate lobe- minor lobe near inferior vena cava

47
Q

liver functions

A

*receives double supply of blood
*oxygen-poor blood from digestive trach>liver thru hepatic portal vein> mixes with oxygen-rich blood from hepatic artery>filters through hepatic sinusoids
*hepatocytes adjust nutrient concentrations, as nutrients from digestive trach flow
*bile produced by hepatocytes leaves liver> bile duct
*blood drains>central vein>primary hepatic vein>heart

48
Q

role of liver

A

*carbohydrates: keep blood glucose concentration steady, high-converts glucose to glycogen, low- converts glycogen to glucose
*lipids: oxidizes fatty acids, synthesizes lipoproteins, phopholipids, cholesterol, converts excessive carbs to proteins and fats
*proteins: de-amination of amino acids, formation of urea, synthesizes blood proteins
*stores glycogen, vitamins A, D, B12, Iron
*phagocytosis of damaged red blood cells & foreign substances
*detoxification: alcohol converted into urea
*secretion: digestion is the secretion of bile
*bile: yellow-green, contains water, salts, pigment, cholesterol and electrolytes, bile salts emulsify fats.

49
Q

gall bladder

A

*pear-shaped sac located in depression on inferior surface of liver, stores bile
*bile>liver thru> common hepatic duct>common bile duct>hepatopancreatic sphincter (which controls secretions)>back up to gallbladder

50
Q

pancreas

A

*acts as an exocrine gland producing digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice
*acts as an endocrine gland producing hormones

51
Q

structures of pancreas

A

*extends horizontally across posterior abdominal wall
*acinar cells- release pancreatic juices>ducts >pancreatic duct>bile duct>duodenum
*hepatopancreatic sphincter regulates pancreatic juice into the small intestine

52
Q

pancreatic juices

A

*contains enzymes that split organic molecules
*amylase- splits glycogen into disaccharides
*lipase- break down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
*proteolytic enzyme- trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase break down proteins
*nuclease- break down of nucleic acids
*juices high in bicarbonate- neutralize acidic chyme from stomach

53
Q

regulation of bile and pancreatic juice

A

*cholecystokinin (CCK) & secretin secreted by duodenal cells> bloodstream, stimulated by acidic chyme
*CCK & secretin enter circulation and cause 4 different events.

54
Q

CCK and secretin cause:

A

*pancreatic secretions- CCK induces secretion of enzymes rich in pancreatic juices, secretin causes secretion of bicarb into pancreatic juice
*bile secretions by liver- bile salts returning from enterohepatic circulation stimulate bile secretion, secretin is a minor stimulus
*gallbladder contraction- CCK causes gallbladder contraction, vagus nerve also causes gallbladder contraction
*hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxation- CCK causes sphincter to relax, bile and pancreatic juice enter duodenum

55
Q

small intestine

A

*most important absorbing organ in alimentary canal, between pyloric valve and ileocecal valve
*3 sections of small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, Ileum

56
Q

duodenum

A

25cm long, C-shaped, posterior to parietal peritoneum

57
Q

jejunum

A

*proximal two-fifths
*greater in diameter, thicker walls, and more vascular
*free from the peritoneal cavity

58
Q

Ileum

A

*distal three-fifths
*has more lymph nodes and higher bacteria population
*free from the peritoneal cavity

59
Q

small intestine structures

A

*intestinal Villi- tiny projections of mucous membrane, increase surface area greatly, numerous in duodenum and top of jejunum, absorb products of digestion
*intestinal glands- between villi, extend downward into mucous membrane

60
Q

secretions of small intestine

A

*mucus, watery, neutral fluid from intestinal gland
*digestive enzymes- embedded in the membranes of epithelial cells, break down food for absorption
**peptidase split peptides, amylase split disaccharides, *lipase splits fatty acids and glycerol

61
Q

absorption in the small intestine

A

*carbohydrates- digestion begins in mouth w/ salivary amylase, broke down to monosaccharides, absorbed by villi by active transport or facilitated diffusion
*proteins- begins in stomach with pepsin, broke into amino acids, absorbed by active transport
*fats- break down in small intestine to glycerol and fatty acids, diffuse into epithelial cells of villi
*absorbs water via osmosis and electrolytes via diffusion and active transport

62
Q

movement of small intestine

A

*weak peristalsis moves chyme a short distance, segmentation, cuts chyme into small segments
*Ileocecal sphincter controls movement of intestinal contents from small intestine into the large intestine

63
Q

large intestine

A

*begins lower right side of abdominal cavity, reabsorbs water, electrolytes from chyme, forms and stores feces
*7cm diameter, 1.5meters long

64
Q

parts of large intestine

A

*cecum- pouch like structure that hangs below ileocecal joint
*appendix- projects downward, contains lymphatic tissue, promotes healthy bacteria
*colon- ascending-heads up from cecum, transverse, turns left, descending turns down, sigmoid-s shaped
*rectum- attach to sacrum
*anal canal- last 2.5-4cm of large intestine

65
Q

large intestine structures

A

*similar to small intestine layers
*lacks villi
*longitudinal muscles, 3 distinct bands, length of colon
*creates series of pouches called haustra
* collection of fat in the serosa on its outer surface

66
Q

function of large intestine

A

*little to no digestive functions
*absorbs water and electrolytes
*secrets mucus
*houses intestinal flora- bacteria that inhabits large intestine, break down some molecules that escape digestion
*forms feces & carries out defecation

67
Q

movement of large intestine

A

*slower and less frequent than small intestine
*mixing and peristalsis movement
*mass movements usually follow meals

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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