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Anatomy and Physiology II > 27) Reproductive System > Flashcards

27) Reproductive System Flashcards

1-14 male quiz, 15-24 female quiz, 25-87 lecture notes

1
Q

cell type that secretes androgens (testosterone) in the testes

A

interstitial cells

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2
Q

tube that sperm travels when leaving the epidiymus

A

ductus (vas) deferens

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3
Q

gland that produces contents that activate sperm

A

prostate

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4
Q

largest erectile tissue in the penis

A

corpus cavernosum

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5
Q

glands that create spermatozoa

A

testes

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6
Q

gland that produce much of what makes up semen

A

seminal vesicles

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7
Q

hormone that guides spermatogenesis and also secondary sex characteristics in males

A

testosterone

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8
Q

structure that guides testicular descent

A

gubernaculum

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9
Q

structure that passes through the inguinal canal

A

spermatic cord

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10
Q

cell type that regulates spermatogenesis in the testes

A

sustentacular cells

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11
Q

hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland that target the testes

A

LH and FSH

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12
Q

location inside the testes where sperm cells are produced

A

seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

structure that helps cool testes by cooling warm arterial blood

A

pampiniform plexus

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14
Q

glands that secrete a substance to clear the urethra prior to ejaculation

A

bulbourethral glands

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15
Q

reproductive female structure

A

ovary

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16
Q

structure formed after degradation of the corpus luteum

A

corpus albicans

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17
Q

takes place halfway through the menstrual cycle

A

ovulation

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18
Q

hormone that causes ovulation

A

LH

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19
Q

structure ovulated in the human female

A

secondary oocyte

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20
Q

major hormone of the secretory phase secreted by the corpus luteum

A

progesterone

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21
Q

structure in the female similar to the glands penis of the male

A

clitoris

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22
Q

major hormone of the follicular phase that guides folliculogenesis

A

FSH

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23
Q

major hormone of the proliferative phase that signals uterine development and also secondary sex characteristics

A

estrogen

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24
Q

opening to the uterus

A

cervix

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25
Q

male sex cell

A

sperm
*1 set of genetic instructions found on 23 chromosomes

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26
Q

female sex cell

A

oocytes (egg)
*1 set of genetic instructions found on 23 chormosomes

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27
Q

meiosis

A

*special type of division of sex cells
*two successive divisions: Meiosis I & Meiosis II
*prior to meiosis each chromosome replicates & contains 2 DNA strands (chromatids connected by centromere)
*results in genetic variability because of random alignment of chromosomes in metaphase I

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28
Q

first meiotic division

A

*separates pairs of chromosomes
*4 phases of Meiosis1: 1)prophase I, 2) metaphase I, 3) Anaphase I, 4) Telophase I

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29
Q

diploid cells

A

containing 2 sets of chromosomes in 23 pairs

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30
Q

haploid cells

A

containing 1 set of chromosomes

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31
Q

prophase I

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes lineup (synapsis), crossing over occurs

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32
Q

metaphase I

A

homologous pairs align along the equator of the cell

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33
Q

anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes seperate, pulling to opposite poles by spindle fibers

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34
Q

telophase I

A

daughter cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair

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35
Q

second meiotic division

A

*meiosis II begins afte telophase I
*4 phases of meiosis II: 1)prophase II, 2)metaphase II, 3)anaphase II, 4) telophase II 5) results in 4 Daughter cells

36
Q

prophase II

A

cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair

37
Q

metaphase II

A

chromosomes align at the equator of the cell

38
Q

anaphase II

A

daughter chromosomes move towards the poles

39
Q

telophase II

A

spindle disappears, nuclei form, cytokinesis takes place

40
Q

male reproductive system

A

*produces, maintains, stores, & transports sperm cells
*produces male sex hormones
*primary male sex organ: testes
*accessory male sex organ: internal & external reproductive organ

41
Q

descent of testes

A

*testis originate near level of developing kidneys
*1-2months before birth, testosterone triggers descent into scrotum
*gubernaculum guides descent of the testes into the lower abdominal cavity, thru inguinal canal
*spermatic cord contains the ducuts deferens, blood vessels and nerves

42
Q

structure of the testes

A

*composed of lobules seperated by connective tissue, filled with one of four seminiferous tubules
*seminiferous tubules unite to form rete testis
*rete testis joins the tubules to the epididymis
*epididymis becomes the ductus (vas) deferens

43
Q

formation of sperm cells

A

*sustentacular cells support & nourish spermatogenic cells
*spermatogenic cells give rise to spermatogonia
*spermatogonia starts sperm cell production (spermatogenesis)
*produces 4 sperm cells from each primary spermatocyte

44
Q

structure of sperm cell

A

*tiny tadpole-like structure
*head: contains nucleus with 23 chromosomes
*midpiece: contains many mitochondria
*tail (flagellum): propels the cell forward to the egg

45
Q

male internal accessory organs

A

epididymides, ducuts deferntia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, semen

46
Q

epididymides

A

*tightly coiled tube of the outisde of the testis
*leads to ductus deferens
*stores & nourishes immature, non-motile sperm cells, promotes their maturity

47
Q

ductus deferentia

A

*muscular tube, leads from epididymis to urethra
*passes thru inguinal canal, enters abdominal cavity into pelvic cavity, ends behind the urinary bladder
*fuses with seminal vesicle duct, forms ejaculatory duct

48
Q

seminal vesicles

A

*saclike structure attached to ductus deferens
*secretes alkaline fluid containing nutrients (fructose) & prostaglandin, stimulate muscle contractions in female reproductive tract
*added to sperm cells entering ejaculatory duct and greatly increases volume of fluid dishcharged

49
Q

prostate gland

A

*surrounds urethra, below urinary bladder
*secretes a thin, milky fluid, enhancing motility of sperm cells & neutralizes acidic secretions of vagina

50
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

*two small structures inferior to the prostate gland
*secrete fluid that lubricates the penis in preparation of intercourse

51
Q

semen

A

*composed of sperm cells & secretions of seminal vesicle, prostate gland, & bulbourethral glands

52
Q

male external reproductive organs

A

scrotum & peins

53
Q

scrotum

A

*pouch of skin & subcutaneous tissue, encloses testes
*dartos muscle in scrotal wall causes skin of scrotum to hold close to testes or hang loosely (helping regulate temperature for sperm survival)

54
Q

penis

A

*transports urine and semen
*becomes erect for insertion into vagina
*2 columns of dorsal erectile tissue: corpora cavernosa & corpus spongiosum
*root of penis attached to pelvic arch & membrane of perineum
*glans penis is distal enlargement of spongiosum
*prepuce is covering of glands penis, foreskin

55
Q

erection, orgasm and ejaculation (male)

A

*erection, vascular spaces in erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood
*orgasm is culmination of sexual stimulation, accompanied by emission and ejaculation
*emission = movement of semen into the urethra
*ejaculation = movement of semen out of urethra

56
Q

hormonal control of male reproductive function

A

*controlled by hormones secreted by hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes
*hormones initiate & maintain sperm cell production & oversees development & maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics

57
Q

hypothalamic & pituitary hormones

A

*hypothalamus controls male secondary sex characteristics, changes male body into reproductively functional adult
*gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)- stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release gonadotropins
*gonadotropins- stimulate activity in gonads and interstitial cell hormones (LH) & (FSH)
*FSH & testosterone- promote spermatogenesis

58
Q

male sex hormone

A

*androgens- testosterone is most important one
*interstitial cells produce most of them, adrenal cortex produces small amount
*secretion begins during fetal development
*secretion stops during childhood, begins again during puberty

59
Q

actions of testosterone

A

*prior to birth: development of male reproductive organs, descent of testes into scrotum
*during puberty: enlargement of testes (primary sex characteristics) & accessory organs
*development of secondary sex characteristics: body hair, enlargement of larynx, thick vocal cords, thickening of skin, increased muscular growth, thicken & growth of bones
*increases RBC production & cellular metabolism

60
Q

organs of female reproductive system

A

primary: two ovaries- produce female sex cells and sex hormones

61
Q

ovaries

A

*several ligaments hold ovaries in position
*ligaments include: broad, suspensory, ovarian ligaments

62
Q

ovary descent

A

*just like testes in males, the ovaries descend from masses of tissue that lie near kidneys
*ovaries descend to location just inferior to the pelvic brim
*remain attached to the lateral pelvic wall

63
Q

ovary structure

A

*subdivided into inner medulla and outer cortex
*medulla is composed of loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & nerves
*cortex contains ovarian follicles & covered by cuboidal epithelium

64
Q

primordial follicles

A

*during prenatal development, oogonia divide by mitosis to produce more oogonia in fetal ovaries
*oogonia develop into primary oocytes
*primordial follicle contain primary oocytes & layer of flattened epithelial cells

65
Q

primary oocytes

A

*oocytes begin to undergo meiosis, halts until puberty
*number of oocytes steadily declines throughout life of females
*several mil form to embryos (1mil at time of birth)
*400,000 present at puberty, 400-500 release over lifetime

66
Q

oogenesis

A

*formation of egg cells
*beginning at puberty, oocytes stimulated to continue meiosis (meiosis I)
*prime oocyte undergoes oogenesis, gives rise to secondary oocyte (reduce number of chromosomes by half) & a polar body
*secondary oocyte may be fertilized.

67
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

68
Q

follicle maturation

A

*FSH initiates follicle maturation, ovaries enlarge
*w/ each reproductive cycle, primordial follicles mature to primary follicles
*primary oocyte enlarge, follicular cells proliferate, zona pellucida forms between oocyte & granulosa
*ovarian cells form layers: inner- produce steroids outer layer- consists of connective tissue
*150days for primordial to become pre-antral follicle
*65-70days for pre-antrial follicle into antral follicle
*only 1 follicle reaches full development
*300days for primordial to develop to antral follicle

69
Q

ovulation

A

*release of secondary oocyte from ovary
*secondary oocyte released when follicle ruptures
*post ovulation, secondary oocyte is drawn into uterine tube

69
Q

female internal accessory organs

A

*uterine tube
*infundibulum
*fimbriae
*uterus
*vagina

70
Q

uterine tube

A

*convey egg cells towards uterus
*each tube expands to form a funnel shaped (infundibulum) encircles ovary
*infundibulum has irregular extensions (fimbriae)

71
Q

uterus

A

*receives embryo that develops from fertilized egg cell
*embryo systains in uterus during development
*3 layers: endometrium- inner mucosal layer, myometrium- middle smooth muscle layer,
perimetrium- outer serosa layer

72
Q

vagina

A

*extends from the uterus to outside of body
*receives erect peins, conveys urine, secretions
*provides open channel for the fetus during birth

73
Q

female external reproductive organs

A

*labia majora
*mons pubis
*labia minora
*clitoris
*vestibule

74
Q

labia majora

A

*rounded folds of adipose tissue, encloses & protects external reproductive parts
*corresponds to scrotum of the male
*anterior ends form rounded elevation over symphysis pubis (mons pubis)

75
Q

labia minora

A

*flattened, longitudinal folds between labia majora
*protects the opening of the vagina & uterus

76
Q

clitoris

A

*small projection at anterior end of vulva
*analogous to the penis
*2 columns of erectile tissue
*produces feelings of pleasure during sexual stimulation

77
Q

vestibule

A

*space between labia minora that encloses the vagina & urethral opening
*vestibular glands secrete mucus into vestibule during sex

78
Q

erection, lubrication, orgasm (female)

A

*during sex, erectile tissues of clitoris & vestibular bulbs become engorged, vagina expands
*vestibular glands secrete mucus, vestibule & vagina *clitoris responds to stimulation, ends with orgasm
*muscles of the perineum, uterine wall & uterine tubes contract rhythmically, helps transport sperm thru reproductive tract.

79
Q

hormone control of female reproductive function

A

*hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, & ovaries, control sex cell maturation
*develop female secondary sex characteristics & changes during menstrual cycle

80
Q

female sex hormone

A

*gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) causes anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH & LH
*FSH & LH control oocyte maturation & production of female sex hormones
*estrogen & progesterone- important hormones
*estrogen-female secondary sex characteristics
*progesterone-cause changes in the uterus

81
Q

female reproductive cycle

A

*GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH-maturation of dominant follicle & LH- stimulates thecal cells to release androgens- converts to estrogen by granulosa cells
*estrogen- maintains secondary sex traits & inhibits release of LH from anterior pituitary gland, & causes dominant follicle to survive
*follicle then produces high levels of estrogen (positive feedback to anterior pituitary gland

82
Q

ovulaltion

A

*LH interacts w/ FSH, progesterone, prostaglandins, plasma, & enzymes leading to ovulation
*after ovulation, surge in LH, follicular cells and thecal cells give rise to corpus luteum, secretes estrogen & progesterone
*estrogen stimulates uterine wall, progesterone stimulates endometrium to be more vascular and glandular

83
Q

menopause

A

*ovaries cease responding to FSH and cycling ceases
*characterized by low concentrations of estrogen
*50% of women reach menopause by 50years
*20% unusual side effects, 50% degrees of regressive changes: hot flashes, migraines, back aches, fatigue

84
Q

mammary glands

A

*accessory organs of female reproductive system *produce specialized secretion (milk)post-pregnancy
*located in subcutaneous tissue of anterior thorax within the breast

85
Q

structure of mammary glands

A

*composed of lobes called alveolar glands that contain tubular glands
*separated by dense connective adipose tissue
*connected to the nipple by ducts called alveolar ducts

86
Q

development of breast

A

*male & female mammary glands are similar
*males are non-functional
*estrogen stimulates breast development in females
*alveolar glands & ducts enlarge, fat deposited around & within the breast

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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