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Anatomy and Physiology II > 20 & 21) Lymphatic & Immune System > Flashcards

20 & 21) Lymphatic & Immune System Flashcards

1-18 quiz, 19- lecture notes

1
Q

the lymphatic trunk that drains the head and neck is called the ___ trunk

A

jugular

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2
Q

the lymphatic trunk that drains the abdominal viscera is called the ___ trunk

A

intestinal

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3
Q

lymph enters a node through a (an) ___ lymphatic vessel

A

afferent

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4
Q

the lymph nodes associated with the lymphatic vessels that drain the lower limbs are located in the ___ region

A

inguinal

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5
Q

lymphatic vessels contain ___ that help prevent the backflow of lymph

A

valves

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6
Q

peyer’s patches, tonsils, and the appendix constitute this group

A

MALTs

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7
Q

lymphatic vessels usually lead to ___ that filter the fluid being transported

A

lymph nodes

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8
Q

large lymphatic organ that filters both blood and lymph

A

spleen

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9
Q

lymph nodes contain large numbers of white blood cells called ___ and macrophages that fight invading microorganisms

A

lymphocytes

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10
Q

antibody producing cells

A

B cells

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11
Q

type of humoral immunity that you get by being exposed to a disease or vaccine

A

active

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12
Q

nonspecific immunity that you are born with

A

innate

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13
Q

specific, acquired immunity

A

adaptive

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14
Q

type of humoral immunity that you can receive from your mother or an antiserum

A

passive

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15
Q

substance released from a cell infected with a virus

A

interferons

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16
Q

the process of a cell engulfing a foreign substance

A

phagocytosis

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17
Q

an important phagocyte of the lymph system

A

macrophage

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18
Q

cytotoxic and helper cells

A

T cells

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19
Q

lymphatic system

A

*network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids
*closely associated with the circulatory system

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20
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A

*transporting excess fluid away from interstitial space to the bloodstream
*absorption of dietary fats and transporting fats to the bloodstream
*helps defend the body against disease

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21
Q

lymphatic pathways

A

lymphatic capillaries=> lymphatic vessels=> lymph nodes=> lymphatic trunks=> lymphatic collecting ducts=> subclavian veins

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22
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

*microscopic, closed end tubes, extend into interstitial spaces, parallel blood capillaries
*single layer simple squamous epithelium
*fluid filters out of capillaries that is reabsorbed, promotes movement of interstitial fluid into lymphatic capillaries

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23
Q

lymph

A

fluid in the lymphatic system

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24
Q

lacteals

A

special lymphatic capillaries that transport absorbed fats to venous circulation

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25
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

*walls similar to veins but thinner
*composed of three layers- endothelial lining, smooth muscle, connective tissue
*large vessels lead to lymph nodes=> larger lymphatic trunk

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26
Q

lymphatic trunk (collecting ducts)

A

*drain lymph from vessels
*collecting ducts drain lymph trunk
*thoracic duct (larger)- drain into left subclavian vein
*right lymphatic duct (smaller)- drains into right subclavian vein

27
Q

lymph flow

A

*filtration from plasma exceeds reabsorption, leading to excess tissue fluid (edema)
*increased tissue fluid = increased hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid into lymphatic capillaries
*skeletal muscle action, respiratory movement, smooth muscle in large lymphatic vessles, and vales help move fluid in lymphatic system

28
Q

lymphatic cells

A

*immune system cells- found in lymphoid tissue (lymphocytes)
*supporting cells- form lymphoid tissue structures

29
Q

lymphocytes

A

*adaptive immune system (two types)
*T cells (T lymphocytes)
*B cells (B lymphocytes)
*both protect against antigens (e.g. bacteria, toxins, viruses, cancer cells)
*other immune cells: macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells

30
Q

T cells (T lymphocytes)

A

manage immune response and destroy infected cells

31
Q

B cells (B lymphocytes)

A

produce plasma cells- type of WBC that excrete antibodies

32
Q

antibodies

A

mark antigens for destruction by phagocytosis

33
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

34
Q

dendritic cells

A

capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes and help activate T cells

35
Q

reticular cells

A

produce reticular fibers (stroma)- support and act as scaffolding for immune cells

36
Q

lymphatic tissue functions

A

*house and provide proliferation sites for lymphocytes
*“surveillance vantage points” for lymphocytes and macrophages as they filter through lymphatic system

37
Q

lymphatic organs

A

*primary lymphoid organs- areas where T and B cells mature (red bone marrow and thymus)
*secondary lymphoid organs- areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigens and become active (nodes, spleen, MALT, diffuse lymphoid tissue)

38
Q

lymph nodes function

A

*filter potentially harmful particles from lymph
*immune surveillance by macrophages and lymphocytes

39
Q

lymph nodes

A

*bean shaped mass of lymphatic tissue
*collect lymph fluid through afferent vessels into sinuses of lymph nodes, exit through efferent vessels
* afferent vessel=> subcapsular sinus=> smaller sinuses (in cortex and medulla)=> medullary sinuses=> efferent lymphatic vessel=> hilum

40
Q

cervical lymph nodes

A

drain skin of the scalp, face, tissues of nasal cavity and pharynx

41
Q

axillary lymph nodes

A

drain the upper limbs, wall of thorax, breasts, upper wall of abdomen

42
Q

supratrochlear lymph nodes

A

located in the elbow region

43
Q

inguinal lymph nodes

A

drain lower limbs, genitalia, and lower abdominal wall

44
Q

pelvic lymph nodes

A

drain pelvic viscera

45
Q

abdominal lymph nodes

A

drain abdominal viscera

46
Q

thoracic lymph nodes

A

drain thoracic viscera and internal wall of thorax

47
Q

thymus

A

*organ of the lymphatic system, similar to lymph nodes
*located within the mediastinum, posterior to the upper part of sternum
*divided into two lobes
*site of T lymphocyte production
*secretes thymosin- stimulates maturation of T cells

48
Q

spleen

A

*organ of the lymphatic system, similar to lymph nodes, filters blood
*located in upper left abdominal quadrant
*consists of:
white pulp- contains many lymphocytes
red pulp- capillaries in red pulp are porous, cellular debris and other foreign particles are engulfed and destroyed by macrophages.

49
Q

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

*lymphoid tissue in mucous membranes found throughout the body, protects from pathogens entering the body
*found in respiratory tract, genitourinary organs, digestive tract, tonsils, appendix, peyers patch (in small intestine)

50
Q

innate (non-specific) defenses

A

*general defenses
*protects against many types of pathogens

51
Q

adaptive (specific) defenses

A

*known as immunity
*more specific and precise, targets specific antigens
*carried out by lymphocytes that recognize foreign molecules

52
Q

species resistance

A

*certain species are resistant to certain diseases
*certain species lack receptors for certain pathogens
*or not appropriate temp, chemical environment for a particular pathogen to proliferate

53
Q

first line defense

A

mechanical barriers: skin and mucous membranes, prevent pathogen entrance

54
Q

second line defense

A

inflammation: triggered when body tissue injured
chemical barriers: enzymes, interferons, defensins, collectins, complements
natural killer (NK) cells
Phacocytosis
fever

55
Q

inflammation

A

*triggered by tissue injury
*benefits:
prevent spread of damage, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, alerts adaptive immune system, sets stage for repair

56
Q

chemical barriers

A

*enzymes- provide chemical barrier to pathogens
*interferons- block viral replication, acts against growth of tumors, stimulate phagocytosis
*defensins- peptides produced by neutrophils, cripple microbes
*collectins- proteins that protect against bacteria, yeast and some viruses
*complements- group of proteins stimulate inflammation, attract phagocytes, and enhances phagocytosis

57
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

*small population of lymphocytes
*provide adaptive defenses against viruses, cancer cells (produce Perforins-lyse cell membranes)
*enhance inflammation

58
Q

third line of defense

A

*adaptive defenses- carried out by lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize specific antigens
*cellular immune response- performed by immune cells
*humoral immune response- performed by antibodies

59
Q

lymphocyte development

A

*origin- originate in red bone marrow
*maturation- B cells in bone marrow, T cells in thymus, lymphocytes in lymph organs
*seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
*antigen encounter and activation
*proliferation and differetiation

60
Q

effector cells

A

clone cells that fight infections

61
Q

memory cells

A

respond to same antigen more quickly second time it is encountered

62
Q

cellular immune response

A

T cell activation by antigenic fragments attached to macrophages, or B cells=> then recognize the antigen=> T cells secrete Cytokines- enhance cellular response to antigen

63
Q

humoral immune response

A

*B cells activated when antigen fits shape of receptors, bind to them
*cytokine released, T&B cells proliferate

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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