Test 4 Prep Flashcards
Maintaining pH:
Show CO2 dissolving in water.
CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇔ H2CO3(l)
Maintaining pH:
Show the dissociation of carbonic acid in water.
H2CO3 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H3O+
Acidosis:
What happens to the pH of the blood under acidosis conditions?
The pH of blood is lower than normal
Acidosis:
What happens to the concentration of H3O+ under acidosis conditions?
As a result, what happens to CO2 in eq. 1?
H3O+ Increases, as a result CO2 increases.
How do the lungs compensate the change in PCO2 in acidosis conditions?
How does cistic fibrosis upset blood buffer system to cause acidosis?
The lungs exhale out excess CO2 by increasing respiration.
CO2 decreases due to mucus on the lungs
Alkalosis:
What happens to the pH of the blodd under alkalosis conditions?
The pH of the blood is higher than normal
Alkalosis:
What happens to the concnetration of H3O+ under alkalosis conditions?
H3O+ decreases
Alkalosis = ________
Acidosis = _________
Alkalosis = high pH (more basic)
Acidosis = low pH (more acidic)
Equation 1:
Equation 2:
Kidneys only use equation ____.
1. CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇔ H2CO3(l)
2. H2CO3 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H3O+
(2)Two. Kidneys dont use gas exchange.
Alkalosis & Acidosis:
What are the 6 prompts that should be mentioned when answering alkalosis & acidosis questions?
1. What happens to the pH
2. What happens to concentration of H3O+
3. Shift
4. Result of shift (increase in __ )
5. Kidneys remove ____ through urnine
6. What can correct alkalosis/acidosis
- 1 atm = ___ psi
- 1 atm = ___ torr
- 1 atm = ___ mmHg
- Isotonic = ___ %NaCl & ___ %Glucose
- Hypertonic = _______
- Hypotonic = _______
- 1 atm = 14.7 psi
- 1 atm = 760 torr
- 1 atm = 760 mmHg
- Isotonic = 0.95%NaCl & 5.5% Glucose
- Hypertonic = Crenation
- Hypotonic = Hemolysis
- 5.5% NaCl = _____ & _____
- Pure water = _____ & _____
- 10% Glucose = ____ & _____
- 5.5% NaCl = Hypertonic & Crenation
- Pure water = Hypotonic & Hemolysis (H2O: 0%)
- 10% Glucose = Hypertonic & Crenation
w/v% =
ppt =
ppm =
ppb =
molarity =
meq/L =
What is an equivalent (Eq)?
w/v% = g/mL x 100
ppt = g/mL x 103
ppm = g/mL x 106
ppb = g/mL x 109
molarity = moles solute/L solute
milliequivalents/litre
The # of moles of charges that one mole of solute contributes to a solution. (applies to ions)
Provide the names:
HNO3(aq)
HCL(aq)
CaCO3
dihydrogenphosphate ion
Phosphoric acid
Nitric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Calcium Carbonate
H2PO4-
PO4 <em> </em>(no charge on acids)
Which one is the stronger acid and which acid will have the lowest pH. Explain.
CH3CO2H Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
H2CO3 = Ka = 4.4 x 10-7
CH3CO2H Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
Stronger acid.
H2CO3 = Ka = 4.4 x 10-7
Weaker acid, Lower pH, high levels of H30+
Pvapor = Patm
What happens when Pvapor and Patm are equal?
when Pvapor and Patm are equal, boiling point is reached.
How does an Autocalve work?
An autoclave produces pressures greater than 1 atm, so water boils above 100°C. At these temps, most infectious agents are destroyed.
How does a Hyperbaric Chamber work?
Patm increases and the solubility of O2 inside blood stream increases.
Bacteria cannot survive in high levels of O2
Explain how soap can be hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
What is it called when you have hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds?
Through double displacement the hydrophilic compound will become hydrophobic and water soluble.
Amphipathic
Explain the process of kidney dialysis.
- Blood taken out of body through semipermeable tube
- Blood is suspended into an isotonic solution (which is same as red blood cells, 0.95% NaCL and 5.5% glucose)
- Through diffusion urea goes from high to low concentration in blood.
- Protein stays because it is too large to pass through the semipermeable membrane, and other ions are compensated.
- When urea concentration is low enough it is sent back into the body.
Where is the average atmospheric pressure higher?
The closer to sea level (or below the higher)
As altitude increases Patm decreases, and there are less molecules.
Questions about altitude have to do with what law?
Daltons law of partial pressure
Some runners train in high altitudes. Why?
PO2 is low and this leads to increased concentrations of red blood cells.
So as to increase intake of O2
increased RBC increases performance
If camping in the mountain why does it take longer to cook a pot of noodles than it does at sea level?
- Patm is decreased at higher altitudes
- Liquid boils when patm equals pressure of water vapor
- In the mountains Patm is decreased and P water vapor is decreased so you reach BP at a lower temperature (lower than 100°C)
What effect does a decrease in blood vessel volume have on blood pressure?
Boyles Law:
- decrease in volume increases pressure
- increases blood pressure
What effect does drinking alcohol have on blood pressure?
ADH causes vasoconstriction. Drinking alcohol inhibits ADH and dilates the blood vessels and so lowered blood pressure.
Many sports organizations ban the use of and test for presence of higher than normal levels of erythropoietin (EPO), a naturally occurring compound that stimulates the production of red blood cells. How might EPO enhance athletic performance?
EPO increases the production of red blood cells which allows for more oxygen to be transported to the cells increasing athletic performance.
Suppose you were diving rather deep in the ocean and had to surface quickly while leaving your tank at the bottom. What precaution would you take so as not to put pressure on your lungs?
Exhale as you resurface so as not to put pressure on your lungs. Pressure decreases on ascent and consequently volume of lungs increases as per Boyle’s law and so lungs need to be evacuated.
Some people with respiratory problems are very uncomfortable in low pressure air that is very moist. Explain.
Ptotal = PN2 + PO2 + Pwater vapor + Pothers
When the atmospheric pressure is low and the air is moist the Pwater vapor is high and so the PO2 is low. Therefore people with respiratory problems feel very uncomfortable.
What is the relationship between temperature and pressure that must be kept in mind while using pressurized systems where gas cylinders are in use at the hospital?
When pressure decreases on release of gas from a cylinder the temperature also decreases, the surroundings become cooler. Pressure is directly proportional to temperature.
Le Châtelier’s Principle refers to what?
When a reaction is pushed out of equilibrium and the reaction reponds to reestablish equilibrium.
What happens to the solubility of carbon dioxide gas in water in each of the following condition:
- Pressure of CO2 over the solution is increased
- Temperature is increased
- SCO2 increases
- SCO2 decreases
mEq vs. Eq
1mmol PO43- = ___ mEq
‘m’ in mEq stands for mili (10-3)
1mmol PO43- = 3 mEq
Dilution formula
V1 x C1 = V2 x C2
Keq formula
[C]c[D]d / [A]a[B]b
ommit solids and solvents
For each reaction, which is there more of at equilibrium, reactant or product?
- Keq = 1.5 x 103
- Keq = 1.5 x 10-3
- Products(3)
- Reactant(-3)
pH sig figs
However many sig figs in original #, that many sig figs after the decimal on pH
original # = 1.23
pH = 5.678
What is the normal pH range of blood?
7.35 - 7.45
How does the buffer system help maintain blood serum at constant pH?
Acidosis: If pH decreases, H3O+ increases
Alkalosis: If pH increases, H3O+ decreases
If H3O+ is low, OH- is high
equations 1 and 2
Equations 1 & 2 are used for what?
What is equation 2 used for?
- CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇔ H2CO3(l)
- H2CO3 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H3O+
Equation 1 & 2 are used for manintaining the pH of the blood serum. Involves respiration.
Equation 2 is used for maintaining the pH of the blood serum in the kidneys.
% yield
Actual yield / theoretic yield x 100
Amphipathic
VS.
Amphoteric
Amphipathic: has to do with hydrophilic & hydrophobic
Amphoteric: has to do with compounds acting as acids and basis.
Bends
Patm decreases
SN2 increases
N2 exits by breaking blood vessels
