Ch. 5 Reactions (test 2) Flashcards
In _____________, the covalent and ionic bonds that hold elements and compounds together are broken and new bonds are formed.
Chemical reactions
What would you observe if you carried out the following reaction?
Na2CO3(aq) + Cs2(aq) ——-> CaCO3(s) + Na+(aq)
Formation of a precipitate (ppt)
Balancing Chemical Equations:
N2 + O2 —–> N2O
N2 + O2 —-> NO
2N2 + O2 —–> 2N2O
N2 + O2 —-> 2NO
Anytime that a substance is burned (reacts w/ O2) an oxidation reacted called _______ takes place.
Combustion
Balancing Chemical Equations:
CH4(g) + O2(g) —–> CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Which type of reaction is taking place and what will the product always be in this type of reaction?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) —–> CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Anytime there is Oxygen it will be Combustion.
When C, O, & H is present in the reactant CO2(g) + H2O(g) is the product.
What type of reaction is Combustion?
Oxidation Reaction
Which type of oxidation reaction is taking place?
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) —–> 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Combustion reaction
Types of reactions:
Which type of reaction is taking place?
2A + B —-> A2B
Addition reactions
(also known as Synthesis & Condensation reactions)
Types of reactions:
Which type of reaction is taking place?
AB —-> A + B
Decomposition reaction
Types of reactions:
Which type of reaction is taking place?
A + BC —–> B + AC
Single replacement reaction
Types of reactions:
Which type of reaction is taking place?
AB + CD —-> CB + AD
Double replacement reaction
Oxidation and Reduction:
An atom is Oxidized if it ______ Oxygen, _______ Hydrogen, or involves the _______ of electrons.
Gains Oxygen
Loses Hydrogen
Loss of electrons
Oxidation and Reduction:
An atom is Reduced if it _______ Oxygen, _______ Hydrogen, or involves the ______ of electrons.
Loses Oxygen
Gains Hydrogen
Gain of electrons
Oxidation and Reduction:
Is carbon oxidized or is it reduced during this reaction?
CH4(g) + O2(g) —–> CO(g) + H2O(g)
Oxidized
Oxidation or Reduction?
- ________ gains oxygen
- ________ loses oxygen
- _______ loses hydrogen
- _______ gains hydrogen
- ________ losses electrons
- ________ gains electrons
- Oxidation
- Reduction
- Oxidation
- Reduction
- Oxidation
- Reduction
Which functional group is present?
Alcohol
(OH)
Which functional group is present?
Carboxylic Acid
Which functional group is present?
Ester
Reactions Involving Water:
In a ______ reaction, water is used to split a molecule.
Hydrolysis
(Hydro = Water / Lysis= Split)
Reactions Involving Water:
In a _______ reaction, water is added to a double bond.
Hydration
Reactions Involving Water:
Water removed to form a double bond is a _______ reaction.
Dehydration
Reactions Involving Water:
Esters can be _______
Alkenes can be _______
Alcohols can be ________
Hydrolyzed
Hydrated
Dehydrated
Hydrogenation of Alkenes (A Reduction Reaction):
Reduction reaction will have a ________ agent.
Reducing
Hydrogenation of Alkenes (A Reduction Reaction):
Hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of platinum (Pt), catalyst, acts as a ___________.
Reducing Agent
Hydrogenation of Alkenes (A Reduction Reaction):
During hydrogenation, the carbon atoms in the alkene are reduced because they ____________ hydrogen atoms.
Gain
Hydrogenation of Alkenes (A Reduction Reaction):
What are the following agents and what is their purpose?
NADPH, H+
NADH, H+
FADH2
Biological Reducing Agents
They deliver the equivalent of an H2 molecule
Spontaneous vs. Nonspontaneous
Define: Spontaneous
Continue to occur once they are started
Spontaneous vs. Nonspontaneous
Define: Nonspontaneous
Will not run by themselves unless something keeps them going
Spontaneous vs. Nonspontaneous
_______ is a key factor in determining if the process is spontaneous or not.
Energy
Spontaneous vs. Nonspontaneous
The loss of heat is __________ and the gain of heat is ___________.
Spontaneous
Nonspontaneous
Spontaneous vs. Nonspontaneous
Exothermic is the _______ of heat.
Exo = ____
Spontaneous or Nonspontaneous?
Release (-)
Exo = Out
Spontaneous
Spontaneous vs. Nonspontaneous
Endothermic is a _______ of heat.
Endo = _____
Spontaneous or Nonspontaneous?
Gain (+)
Endo = In
Nonspontaneous
Free Energy (G):
A spontaneous process has a ______ change in energy.
A nonspontaneous process has a _____ change in energy.
Negative (-)
Positive (+)
Free Energy (G):
Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi —-> 2CO2 + CoA + 3NaDH + FADH2 + GTP + 11Kcal/mol
Change in energy = _____
Change in energy is ________ because of the release of energy.
Spontaneous or Nonspontaneous?
Change in energy = -11kcal/mol
Negative (-)
Spontaneous (-)
Free Energy (G):
Increasing the temperature will make the molecules move _______.
Faster
Free Energy (G):
Adding a catalyst (enzyme) will do what?
Speed up the reaction
Free Energy (G):
glucose-6-phosphate —> glucose + phosphate + 3.3 kcal
- What is the value of the change in energy for the reactants, in kcal/mol?
- Is the reaction spontaneous?
- How would you expect decreasing the concentration of glucose-6-phosphate to affect the reaction rate?
- How would removing the enzyme affect the reaction rate?
- -3.3 kcal/mol
- Yes, because the change in energy is negative(-).
- Decreasing concentration will decrease reaction rate
- The reaction would slow or stop completely. Enzymes act as a catalyst.
Identify the step in the cycle that involves only a hydration reaction
Step 7
Substances that transport ions across cell membranes are called ________.
Ionophones
Mad cow disease is caused by infected proteinaceous particles called _________.
Prions
Sepsis is a medical term related to infections, and ___________ are compounds that prevent infections.
Antiseptics
There are two types of dental fillings, amalgam and composites, which one will respond to changes in temp? Why?
Amalgam, because it contains metal.
Which compound is known to regulate blood pressure?
Nitric Oxide
A high-energy form of electromagnetic radiation that is linked to skin cancer is called ___________.
UV Radiation
This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of CO2 in red blood cells to H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which breaks apart into the bicarbonate ion.
Carbonic Anhydrase
What type of reaction is taking place when; 1-cyclopentene + H2 react with a Pt catalyst?
How would you draw the products?
Hydrogenation
Break the double bond and place hydrogens when double bond once was.
What type of reaction is taking place when; Cyclopentane with an OH attached reacts with a catalyst H+?
How would you draw the products?
Dehydration
Remove the OH and draw a double bond on the cyclopentane where the OH was once connected.
(don’t draw out the H’s or you need to do them all)
What type of reaction is taking place when; H2O is added to an Ester with an H+ as a catalyst?
How would you draw the product?
Ester Hydrolysis
Break the bond at the Ester and add the OH and H to the spots that recently split.
(H goes to one side and HO goes to the other.)
