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scott > Citric Cycle > Flashcards

Citric Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Hydration = ________

A

Synthesis

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2
Q

Dehydration = ________

A

Decomposition reaction

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3
Q

Hydrolysis = ________

A

Double replacement reaction

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4
Q

In a synthesis reaction known as _______, water is added to a double bond.

A

Hydration

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5
Q

In this decomposition reaction, an alcohol heated in the presence of H+ splits to form an alkene plus water.

A

Dehydration

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6
Q

Step 1 of the Citric Acid Cycle produces a 6 carbon ionic molecule named citrate. This step also involves the addition of water. What is the classification of this reaction?

A

Synthesis-hydration

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7
Q

Step 1: Oxaloacetate and Acetyl-CoA and water produces?

A

Citrate (synthesis hydration)

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8
Q

How are the 2 compounds citrate and isocitrate related in step 2 of the cycle?

A

Isomers

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9
Q

What are the two reactions involved in the conversion of citrate to isocitrate?

A

Dehydration followed by Hydration

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10
Q

Oxidation:

_____ of Oxygen

_____ of Electrons

_____ of Hydrogens

A

Gain of Oxygen

Loss of Electrons

Loss of Hydrogens

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11
Q

Reduction:

_____ Of Oxygen

_____ of Electrons

_____ of Hydrogen

A

Loss of Oxygen

Gain of Electrons

Gain of Hydrogen

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12
Q

In step 6, the conversion of succinate to fumarate is?

A

Loss of Hydrogen atoms

(carbon atoms are oxidized)

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13
Q

What is the function of FAD in step 6 of the cycle?

A

Oxidizing agent

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14
Q

What are the two oxidizing agents on the citric cycle?

A

NAD+

FAD

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15
Q

In step 8, the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate. What is the fate of one of the atoms connected to oxygen in the malate ion?

A

loses hydrogen

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16
Q

What is the function of NAD+ in step 8 of the cycle?

A

Oxidizing agent

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17
Q

Identify the type of reaction in step 7.

A

Hydration

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18
Q

What is the loss of CO2 molecule?

A

Decarboxylation

19
Q

Step 3 & 4 reactions where oxidation takes place, loss of a CO2 is referred to as _____________.

A

Decarboxylation

20
Q

Anything that ends -**ase is what?

i.e. synthase

A

Catalyst

&

Enzyme

21
Q

What is the function of fumarase in step 7?

A

Catalyst / Enzyme

22
Q

Most enzymes are named such that they specify the reaction catalyzed. For example, dehydrogenase catalyzes?

A

The loss of hydrogen atoms

OR

Oxidation reaction

23
Q

The enzyme may also refer to the reactant modified during the reaction. For example, the enzyme fumarase catalyzes the conversion of what?

A

fumarate ion to malate ion in step 7

24
Q

What pathway best describes the citric acid cycle?

A

Circular

25
Q

What cell does the citric acid cycle take place in?

A

Mitochondria

26
Q

Mitochondria, known as the powerhouse, what is produced here?

A

ATP

27
Q

In citrate (step 1) the alcohol functional group is on the ______ carbon atom.

A

3rd

28
Q

In isocitrate (step 2) the alcohol functional group is on the _______ carbon atom.

A

2nd

29
Q

The carbon atom carrying the OH group is attached to just one other carbon atom in a ______ alcohol,

to two other carbon atoms in a ________ alcohol,

and to three carbon atoms in a _______ alcohol.

A

1 degree

2 degree

3 degree

30
Q

Citrate can be classified as a ______ degree alcohol.

A

3 degree

31
Q

Isocitrate can be classified as a ______ degree alcohol.

A

2 degree

32
Q

Which degree alcohol CANNOT be oxidized?

Why?

A

3 degree

The C connected to the OH is not directly connected to an H.

33
Q

During the oxidation reactions of alcohol, _______ hydrogen atoms are _______.

A

Two hydrogen atoms are Removed.

1 hydrogen atom is removed from the -OH group and another is removed from the carbon atom that carries the -OH.

34
Q

In step 2 of the cycle, Citrate ion is converted to Isocitrate via dehydration and hydration. Why is this conversion necessary?

A

Citrate is a tertiary (3 degree) alcohol.

3 degree alcohols CANNOT be oxidized.

Isocitrate is a secondary alcohol (2 degree).

2 degree alcohols CAN be oxidized.

Step 3 of the cycle requires oxidation of alcohols, so citrate is converted to isocitrate in order to perform oxidation.

35
Q

What are the three ATP equivalents that can be harvested to form energy-rich molecules?

A

NADH

FADH2

GTP

36
Q

What the harvest of one turn of the citric acid cycle?

A

3 NADH

1 FAHD2

1 GTP

37
Q

The change in energy of the reaction of the citric acid cycle is -11 kcal/mol.

Is this cycle spontaneous/nonspontaneous?

Is this cycle exo/endothermic?

A

Spontaneous

Exothermic

(because of the -11kcal/mol)

38
Q

A measure of the speed with which reaction products form?

A

Reaction rate

39
Q

The energy required to cross the energy barrier between reactants and products?

A

Activation Energy

(Eact)

40
Q

A substance that speeds up a reaction without itself being altered?

A

Catalyst

41
Q

What are 3 ways to alter the rate of a chemical reaction?

A

Increase temp.

Increase concentration

Add catalyst

42
Q

What of the two graphs best describe overall citric acid cycle

A

The graph on the left because it shows a release of energy

(citric cycle = releases of energy)

Exothermic: The energy is released. 11kcal/mol is the release of energy.

43
Q

How does a catalyst increase the speed of a reaction?

A

It lowers the activation energy of the reaction by changing the path the reaction takes.

44
Q

How do you distinguish between a reaction energy diagram with a catalyst and one without?

A

A large amount of “activation energy” = without catalyst

Small amount of “activation energy” = with catalyst

scott (26 decks)

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