Ch. 6 Gases & Solutions Flashcards
Patm = _______
Atmospheric Pressure
psi = ________
Pounds per Square Inch
Insoluble or Soluble? / Can it Hydrogen bond?
- Hydrophilic =
- Hydrophobic =
- soluble / Yes
- insoluble / No
* fyi: (**no hydrogen bonding = will dissolve)*
Define: Gas Pressure
The force of collisions that take place between particles of gas and an object.
(the walls of the container that hold the gas)
What unit of measurement is used when measuring atmospheric pressure?
Lenght (mm Hg)
Diatomic = ______ atom(s)
Two
Monoatomic = ______ atom(s)
One
Water Vapor = ___________.
Vapor = ______________.
Vapor Pressure = ___________.
Gas
Gas from evaporation of liquid
Movement of particles from liquid to gas phase.
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the ___________ pressure of the liquid equals the __________ pressure.
Vapor pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Liquids boil when their ________ equals the pressure of the air above them.
Vapor Pressure
Standard Temperature = _______
Standard Pressure = _________
Standard Temp = 0°C
Standard Pressure = 1 atm
Which elements are gases at standard temperature and pressure (0°C & 1 atm)
H, N, O, F, Cl, & Noble gases
Define: Sublimation
Solid to a gas without a liquid
fyi: (dry ice in balloon)
At 100°C vapor pressure is 760.00 torr.
Convert 760.00 torr to mm Hg?
- 00 torr = 760 mm Hg
* fyi: (1 atm = 760 mm Hg / 1 atm = 760.00 torr)*
As temp rises molecules move ________.
Faster
How does an autoclave work?
Produces pressures greater than 1 atm, so water boils at temps above 100°C. At those temps most infections are destroyed.
Gas Laws:
All gases behave in a ______ manor.
Similar
Gas Laws:
What variables are used when dealing with gas laws?
<em>Hint: 4 of them</em>
Pressure
Temperature
Volume
amount of moles (n)
Gas Laws:
__________ says that, for a sample of gas with a constant volume, pressure and temperature are directly related.
Gay-Lussac’s Law
-OR-
Pressure-Temperature Law
Gas Laws:
What does the dotted line represent?
Absolute zero
(- - -no data points- - -)
Gas Laws:
Pressure-Temperature/Gay-Lussac’s Law states that, for a sample of gas with a constant volume, pressure and temperature are ________ related.
As pressure increases, temperature __________.
As pressure decreases, temperature __________.
Directly related
Temperature Increases
Temperature Decreases
Gas Laws:
In calculations, temperature should always be converted from °C to _____.
Kelvin
Gas Laws:
Oxygen tanks get ____ when in use. The pressure inside the tank _______ as O2 exits the tank.
Cold
Decreases
Gas Laws:
Volume & Temperature Law/Charles’ Law says that, for a sample of gas at a fixed pressure, volume and temperature are ________ related.
As temperature increases, volume _______.
As temperature decreases, volume _______.
Directly related
Increases
Decreases
Gas Laws:
Pressure-Volume Law/Boyle’s Law says that, for a sample of gas at a fixed temperature, pressure and volume are ______ related.
As volume increases, pressure ______.
As volume decreases, pressure ______.
Inversely related
Decreases
Increases
Gas Laws:
Respiration: inhaling and exhaling is an application of ______ Law.
Boyles Law
-OR-
Pressure-Volume Law
(same thing)
Gas Laws:
Which law does this scenario best fit?
Diving 10m in depth: P increases two-fold and lung volume contracts by a factor of two.
Boyle’s Law
-OR-
Pressure-Volume Law
(same thing)
Gas Laws:
A formula that combines Boyles, Charles’ and Gay-Lussac’s Law is called ____________ Law
The Combination Gas Law
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the __________________________________________.
Sum of the partial pressure of its components
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3
Daltons Law:
The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture is the pressure that the gas would exert if alone.
This applies to air which is a mixture of 78.0% _____, 21.1% _____, and 0.9% other gases like water vapor, Ar, He, H 2, CO2, CH4, etc.
- 0% N2
- and- - 1% O2
Daltons Law:
In which town does dry air contain highest partial pressure of O2?
a. Hot Coffee, Mississippi (altitude 279 ft)
b. Pie Town, New Mexico (altitude 7,778 ft)
A. because lower altitude means higher O2 levels.
Daltons Law:
Why do climbers often carry oxygen supplies?
Is PCO2 higher in the lungs or the tissue?
Daltons Law:
Because the partial pressure of 02 (P02) is low at high altitudes
Daltons Law: As pressure increases, gas solubility decreases
PC02 (tissue) is greater than P02 (lungs)
A _________ consists of just one element or compound.
Pure Substance
What parts of the human body are best represented by the following pieces of the lung demonstration model:
Two rubber balloons = __________
Y-tube = ________
Open end of the Y-tube = ____________
Bell Jar = __________
Thin sheet of rubber = _____________
Two rubber balloons = Lungs
Y-tube = Trachea
Open end of the Y-tube = Nose / Mouth
Bell Jar = Thorax Cavity
Thin sheet of rubber = Diaphragm
A combination of two or more pure substances is called a ________.
Mixture
Which are elements and which are compounds?
- Mercury
- Silver
- Water (H20)
- NaCl (salt)
- Oxygen
- Sucrose (sugar)
- Element
- Element
- Compound
- Compound
- Element
- Compound
Heterogeneous mixtures =
Homogeneous mixtures =
Hetero = Not evenly distributed; immiscible, insoluble. i.e: (sand + H20)
Homo = uniformly distributed; miscible, soluble. i.e: (sugar + H20)
Solvent =
Solutes =
Solution =
Solvents = The component in solution in greatest amount. (H20)
Solutes = The component dissolved in solution.
Solution = Solute + Solvent
What does “Like Dissolves Like” mean.
Polar solute will dissolve in polar solvent.
Nonpolar solute will dissolve in Nonpolar solvent
The formation of solutions requires that solute particles have two important characteristics.
- ______________…
- ______________…
- The must be about the same size as the solvent molecules.
- AND- - They must be able to interact with the solvent molecules through IMF (H-bond, D-D int, L-forces).
_________ refers to the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.
Temperature can affect _________(directly related).
Solubility
Solubility
Most liquid and solid solutes become more soluble in water as temperature increases, why?
Because temperature affects the rate at which molecules are bouncing off one another.
i.e: (high temp = more soluble)
Electrolytes =
Compounds that dissolve in water to form ions.
Electrolytes:
The consequences of having too much or too little of a particular electrolyte can have profound effects on your health.
Give two examples of the consequences of taking too much or too little of a particular electrolyte.
Transmission of nerve impulses (spasms)
Muscle contraction and blood clotting (cramping)
Solubility of a gas and temperature:
For all gaseous solutes (02, C02, etc.), an ________ in temperature leads to a _________ in solubility.
Why?
Increase
Decrease
The solubility of gaseous solute and temperature are inversely related. Temp increase causes molecules to move quicker and become more soluble.
Solubility of a gas and pressure:
Henry’s Law states that the solubility of gas in a liquid is proportional to the ________ of the gas over the liquid.
Pressure
Solubility of gas and temperature:
Henry’s Law
When a bottle of carbonated water is opened, the pressure of C02 over the liquid is ________ to that of the surrounding Patm. C02 has a lower solubility at this reduced pressure and it rapidly leaves the solution as ________.
Reduced
Bubbles
Solubility of gas and temperature:
Henry’s law predicts that increasing the pressure of gas __________ its solubility by the same proportion.
(doubling the pressure doubles the solubility and so on.)
Increases
P.S. Henry is directly related
Solubility of gas and temperature:
Give two applications that use Henry’s Law.
- __________…
- __________…
- Hyperbaric Chamber: Used to treat C0 poisoning, gangrene, and tetanus.
- Bends: On resurfacing, divers experience lower Patm so SN2 in serum decreases, N2 seeps out of damaging arteries.
Solubility of gas and temperature:
How does a Hyperbaric chamber work?
High levels of 02. Bacteria cannot survive in high levels of 02.
Solubility of Organic Compounds:
Pentane + Hexan =
Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic
Why?
Hydrophobic
Like dissolves like(polar & polar).
fyi: pentane & hexane cannot bond together.
Solubility of Organic Compounds:
Alcohol + H20 =
Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic
Why?
Hydrophilic
Like dissolves like(polar & polar),
fyi: alcohol & water can bond.
Which compound is more soluble in water?
Why?
Ethanol: CH3CH2OH
-OR-
1-Octanol: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
Ethanol,
because it has a smaller non-polar tail. Meaning Londons Forces is weak.
1-Octanol has larger surface area. Strong London forces, less soluble.
Which compound is more soluble in water?
Why?
Alcohol: CH3CH2CH2OH
-OR-
Thiol: CH3CH2CH2SH
Alchohol
Because its polar and Thiol is not.
- (like dissolves like)*
- fyi**: Thiol has a* bad smell.. Skunky
Which is more soluble?
Why?
B.
Because there is more EN. It has 2 Oxygens and the other only has 1 Oxygen.
Bitter tasting = _________
Soluble
______, inactive compounds that are converted to fully active drugs in the body.
Prodrugs
fyi**: hydrolysis of esters
Concentration of Solutions:
The term _______ is used to refer to the amount of solute that is dissolved in a solvent.
Concentration
Biochemical Hydrophilic Compounds-simple sugars:
Since like dissolves like, to be hydrophilic a molecule must resemble _______.
Water
fyi: (alcohol functional groups are polar. they are able to form hydrogen bonds with water.)
Biochemical Hydrophilic Compounds-amino acids:
How can you determine that a compound is an amino acid?
If an NH2 is present then it’s an amino acid.
fyi: NH2 = Amine
Biochemical Hydrophobic Compounds-fatty acids:
How can you determine that a compound is a fatty acid?
A carboxylic Acid is present.
&
A large non-polar tail is present.
Amphipathic Compounds:
Compounds having both ________ and _________ parts are considered Amphipathic cooumpounds.
i.e: soap
Hydrophilic
&
Hydrophobic
Amphipathic Compounds:
How is soap considered hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
Prior to double displacement the molecule is hydrophilic.
After double displacement the molecule becomes hydrophobic.
i.e: soap needs to be somewhat soluble.
Which is more polar?
Carboxylate Ion
-OR-
Carboxylic Acid
Carboxylate Ion
Pressure-Temperature Law is also called the ______________ Law.
Pressure _______ as Temp ________
Gay-Lussac’s Law = Pressure-Temperature Law
Pressure increases, as Temp increases
Volume & Temperature Law is also called the __________.
Volume _______ as Temp _______.
Charles’ Law = Volume & Temperature Law
Volume increases as Temp increases
Pressure-Volume Law is also called the __________ Law.
Volume _______ as Pressure _______.
Boyle’s Law = Pressure-Volume Law
Volume increases as Pressure decreases
Commonly Encountered Concentration Units:
%(w/v) = ________
ppt = __________
ppm = _________
ppb = _________
(M) = __________
meq/L = ________
%(w/v) = Weight/Volume percent
ppt = Parts per thousand
ppm = Parts per million
ppb = Parts per billion
(M) = Molarity
meq/L = milliequivalents/litre
Concentration:
Weight/volume percent =
g of solute / mL of solution x 100 = Weight/volume %
Concentration of Solutions:
Ppt formula = _______
ppm formula = _______
ppb formula = _______
(M) Molarity = ________
meq/L = ____________
ppt = g of solute / mL of solution x 103
ppm = g of solute / mL of solution x 106
ppb = g of solute / mL of solution x 109
M = Moles of solute / L of solution
meq/L = # of moles of charges that 1 mole of a solute contributes to a solution.
fyi: (meq/L applies to ions, Na+, Br-, Ca2+, SO42-, etc.)
(i.e. 1mmol Na+ = 1 mEq Br- & 2mmolCa2+ =2mEqSO42-)
What does the term concentration refer to?
Amount of solute that dissolved in a solvent.
fyi**: (solvent is typically water)
What is an equivalent (Eq)?
The # of moles of charges that one mole of a solute contributes to a solution.
fyi**: (applied to ions)
Fill in the blanks:
1 mol of K+ = ______ Eq of K+
1 mol of Mg2+ = _____ Eq of Mg2+
1 mol of Al3+ = ______ Eq of Al3+
1
2
3
Solutes move from areas of higher solute concentration to those of lower solute concentration in a process called __________.
Diffusion
Solvent(water) moves across a membrane from a solution of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration in a process called ________.
Osmosis
fyi**: (semi-permeable membrane)
How long does concentration occur?
Until both sides are equal
fyi: (equal ratio of concentrations.. 1:2 & 1:2)
Cell membranes are semipermeable and hence affected by _______.
Osmosis
Isotonic solution = ______% glucose solution & _______% NaCl solution
- 5% glucose solution
- 95% NaCl solution
Hypotonic solution =
Less than 5.5% glucose & 0.95% NaCl
fyi**: (solution is less concentrated compared to isotonic solution.)
Hypertonic solution =
Greater than 5.5% glucose & 0.95% NaCl.
fyi: (greater concentration compared to isotonic.)
Crenation =
Hemolysis =
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Scuba Diver Questions:
If the question mentions pressure in lungs it’s referring to _________ Law.
If the question mentions bends it’s referring to ___________ Law.
Lungs = Boyles Law
Bends = Henrys Law
02 tank questions:
02 storage: Pressure _______ as temp _________.
02 used at hospital: Pressure _______ as temp _______.
Pressure decreases as temp decreases,
pressure increases as temp increases.
fyi**: (careful storing 02 tanks in warm places, bang!)
Hypotonic, Hypertonic, or Isotonic?
Isotonic fyi:(5.5%glucose, 0.95%NaCl)
Hypertonic fyi:(less than 5.5%glucose, 0.95%NaCl)
Hypotonic fyi:(more than 5.5%glucose, 0.95%NaCl)
What is dilution?
Give a useful equation for dilution.
When a solvent is added to a solution
V1 x C1 = V2 x C2
fyi: (dilutions important in health carebecausedilution of drugs.)
What happens to the solubility of CO2 in water in each of the following conditions:
a. The pressure of CO2 over the solution is increased.
b. The temperature is increased.
a. Solubility of CO2 increases
b. Solubility of CO2 decrease
(solubility of a gas)
How does a Hyperbaric Chamber work?
High Patm = less gas solubility, which means more O2
High levels of O2 kill bacteria
Explain the effects of Bends with divers.
Bends
On resurfacing, divers experience lower Patm so SN2 decreases.
N2 seeps out damaging arteries.
Diffusion VS. Osmosis
Diffusion = High to Low
Osmosis = Low to High (w/ semi-permeable membrane)
Explain how dialysis works.
Dialysis is used to cleanse the blood of patients whose kidneys malfunction.
Blood is diverted from the body, pumped through a long semipermeable dialysis tube and suspended into an isotonic solution.
Small waste materials such as urea pass through the dialysis membrane.
Protein molecules are too large to pass through the membrane.
Reverse Osmosis-Desalination of sea water:
Desalination = _________
Desalination = Removal of salt water through osmosis
