Sandy Chapter 11, 12, +other (not sure if this is on test, take a peak)

Question 1

Identify the four common types of monosaccharide derivatives.

Answer 1

Deoxy

Amino

Alcohol

Carboxylic Acid

_{<strong>(All common monosaccharide derivatives)</strong>}

Question 2

In humans, pyruvate is converted into what compound under anaerobic conditions?

What purpose does this reaction have?

Answer 2

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is reduced to lactate in humans.

Produces NAD⁺ required to continue glucolusis.

(Lactate is sent to liver and used to make glucose.)

Question 3

1. What is the relationship between glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate (step 2 of glycolysis)?
2. Are these two compounds reducing sugars? Explain

Answer 3

1. Constitutional Isomers _{(same formula, diff connection)}
2. Yes

• 6-fructose opens up into a ketose which transforms into an aldose.
• 6-glucose opens up into an aldose

Question 4

What is the role of glycolysis?

What is the net change in ATP and NADH from the passage of one glucose molecule through glycolysis?

Answer 4

Converts one glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate with the help of NADH and ATP

2 ATP & 2 NADH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule undergoing glycolysis.

Question 5

Sodium palmitate, CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CO₂Na has a higher melting point than palmitic acid CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CO₂H.

Why?

Answer 5

The ionic bonds in Sodium palmitate are stronger than the noncovalent interactions that hold palmitic acid together.

Question 6

In terms of structure, what distinguishes fatty acid from the carboxylic acids?

Answer 6

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with typically have between 12 and 20 carbon atoms.

Question 7

List the biological functions of waxes.

Answer 7

Protective layer for retaining water or keeping water out.

A form of energy storage.

Question 8

Energy source, Buoyancy, Padding, & Thermal insulation are all biological functions of ______________.

Answer 8

triglycerides

Question 9

Vegetable oils tend to become rancid more rapidly than do animal fats. Why?

Answer 9

Vegetable oils contain more C=C than animal fats. The oxidation of these double bonds causes oils to become rancid.

Question 10

True or False:

Lactose and cellobiose are stereoisomers

Lactose and cellobiose are enantiomers

Lactose and cellobiose are diastereomers

Answer 10

True

False

True

Question 11

What are the two blood buffer equations?

Answer 11

CO_2(g) + H₂O_(l) ⇔ H₂CO_3(aq)

H₂CO₃ + H₂O ⇔ HCO₃^-_(aq) + H₃O⁺

Question 12

Blood pH below the normal range is called ______.

Blood pH above the normal range is called ______.

Answer 12

Acidosis

Alkalosis

Question 13

Draw the product of the oxidation of D-glucose with Benedict’s reagent.

Answer 13

Carboxylic Acid on top

Cu²⁺ reduces to Cu⁺

Question 14

Draw the product of the hydrogenation(reduction) of D-Glucose with H₂ /Pt.

Answer 14

CH₂OH up top

Question 15

What classifies a molecule as a reducing sugar?

Answer 15

The residue with the hemiacetal carbon has to be able to undergo mutarotation. When in the open form it can react as an aldehyde and be oxidized.

Question 16

Why are some oligosaccharides known to be indigestible?

Name the monosaccharide in the oligosaccharides that are responsible for its indigestibility.

Answer 16

F-Fructose is a part of oligosaccharides.

It’s inability to undergo mutarotation and become oxidized cause for it to become indigestible.

Question 17

Omega-3-fatty acids are essential nutrients. Why?

What are the health advantages?

Answer 17

Not produced in the body, need to be obtained in diet.

Increases HDL / Lowers LDL

Question 18

What are the two components of starch?

Answer 18

Amylose

Amylopectin

Question 19

Explain how impaired glucose metabolism can lead to acidosis & ketosis.

Answer 19

High concentration of ketone bodies leads to ketoacidosis.

A fatal drop in pH caused by the presence of acetoacetate & 3-Hydroxybutyrate.

Question 20

What is Glycogen?

Answer 20

Multibranched polysaccharide of Glucose

Serves as energy storage

Question 21

What is glucogenesis?

When is this process triggered?

Name the enzyme required for this process.

Name the pancreatic hormone necessary for this process.

Answer 21

Formation of Glucogen from Glucose.

When the concentration of glucose is high

Glycogen synthase

Insulin

Question 22

The function of the hormone insulin is to lower blood glucose concentrations. What are two other ways insulin lowers blood glucose concentrations?

Answer 22

1. increase in the rate of glycolysis lowers blood glucose.
2. increase in the synthesis of lipids and proteins

Question 23

What is glycogenolysis

When is this process triggered?

Name the enzyme required for this process.
Name the pancreatic hormone necessary for this process.

Answer 23

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

When the concentration of glucose is low

Glycogen phosphorylase

Glucagon

Question 24

What is inverted sugar and why is it used for foods?

Answer 24

Sucrose(disacc) is hydrolyzed to glucose(monosacc) & fructose(monosacc).

Inverted sugar is sweeter and cheaper to buy.

Question 25

How is high fructose corn syrup made?

Answer 25

D-Glucose (75) —^{<u>enzyme</u>}–> D-Fructose (170)

170 is sweeter on the index

Question 26

Classify each type of phospholipids:

Sphingo =

Glycero =

Answer 26

Sphingo = has alcohol

Glycero = No alcohol.

Question 27

Is Glycolysis Catabolic or anabolic?

Answer 27

Catabolic

Question 28

What is the net change in the following during gluconeogenesis?

Answer 28

• 6 ATP
• 2 NADH

Question 29

The two cyclic forms of glucose are referred to as

Answer 29

Anomers

Question 30

Compounds made from combining a fatty acids with a long chain alcohols is called

Answer 30

Wax Esters

Question 31

Animal fats and vegetable oils in which three fatty acid residues are joined to a glycerol residue by ester bonds are called

Answer 31

Triglycerides

Question 32

Reaction of an unsaturated triglyceride to a saturated one is called ________. In partial hydrogneation only some of the double bonds are removed

Answer 32

catalytic hydrogenation

Question 33

The hydrolysis of ester groups in a triglyceride in the presence of hydroxide ions is called

Answer 33

saponification

Question 34

Diets high in trans fats have been linked to increased risk of heart disease. The major source artificial trans fats in our diet is

Answer 34

partially hydrogenated vegetable oils

Question 35

Lipids made by combining glycerol, two fatty acids, one phosphate group and one alcohol containing group is called

Answer 35

glycerophospholipids

Question 36

Lipids that contain a sugar residue are called

Answer 36

Glycolipids

Question 37

____________ converts triglycerides into fatty acid salts and glycerol. The compound NaOH is the source of the OH^- used in the reaction.

Answer 37

Saponification

Question 38

Describe the makeup of triglycerides and list the 4 reactions

Answer 38

3 fatty acids + Glycerol

saponification

hydrogenation

partial hydrogenation

oxidation