Sandy Chapter 11, 12, +other (not sure if this is on test, take a peak) Flashcards
Identify the four common types of monosaccharide derivatives.
Deoxy
Amino
Alcohol
Carboxylic Acid
<strong>(All common monosaccharide derivatives)</strong>
In humans, pyruvate is converted into what compound under anaerobic conditions?
What purpose does this reaction have?
Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is reduced to lactate in humans.
Produces NAD+ required to continue glucolusis.
(Lactate is sent to liver and used to make glucose.)
- What is the relationship between glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate (step 2 of glycolysis)?
- Are these two compounds reducing sugars? Explain
- Constitutional Isomers (same formula, diff connection)
- Yes
- 6-fructose opens up into a ketose which transforms into an aldose.
- 6-glucose opens up into an aldose
What is the role of glycolysis?
What is the net change in ATP and NADH from the passage of one glucose molecule through glycolysis?
Converts one glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate with the help of NADH and ATP
2 ATP & 2 NADH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule undergoing glycolysis.
Sodium palmitate, CH3(CH2)14CO2Na has a higher melting point than palmitic acid CH3(CH2)14CO2H.
Why?
The ionic bonds in Sodium palmitate are stronger than the noncovalent interactions that hold palmitic acid together.
In terms of structure, what distinguishes fatty acid from the carboxylic acids?
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with typically have between 12 and 20 carbon atoms.
List the biological functions of waxes.
Protective layer for retaining water or keeping water out.
A form of energy storage.
Energy source, Buoyancy, Padding, & Thermal insulation are all biological functions of ______________.
triglycerides
Vegetable oils tend to become rancid more rapidly than do animal fats. Why?
Vegetable oils contain more C=C than animal fats. The oxidation of these double bonds causes oils to become rancid.
True or False:
Lactose and cellobiose are stereoisomers
Lactose and cellobiose are enantiomers
Lactose and cellobiose are diastereomers
True
False
True
What are the two blood buffer equations?
CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇔ H2CO3(aq)
H2CO3 + H2O ⇔ HCO3-(aq) + H3O+
Blood pH below the normal range is called ______.
Blood pH above the normal range is called ______.
Acidosis
Alkalosis
Draw the product of the oxidation of D-glucose with Benedict’s reagent.
Carboxylic Acid on top
Cu2+ reduces to Cu+
Draw the product of the hydrogenation(reduction) of D-Glucose with H2 /Pt.
CH2OH up top
What classifies a molecule as a reducing sugar?
The residue with the hemiacetal carbon has to be able to undergo mutarotation. When in the open form it can react as an aldehyde and be oxidized.
Why are some oligosaccharides known to be indigestible?
Name the monosaccharide in the oligosaccharides that are responsible for its indigestibility.
F-Fructose is a part of oligosaccharides.
It’s inability to undergo mutarotation and become oxidized cause for it to become indigestible.
Omega-3-fatty acids are essential nutrients. Why?
What are the health advantages?
Not produced in the body, need to be obtained in diet.
Increases HDL / Lowers LDL
What are the two components of starch?
Amylose
Amylopectin
Explain how impaired glucose metabolism can lead to acidosis & ketosis.
High concentration of ketone bodies leads to ketoacidosis.
A fatal drop in pH caused by the presence of acetoacetate & 3-Hydroxybutyrate.
What is Glycogen?
Multibranched polysaccharide of Glucose
Serves as energy storage
What is glucogenesis?
When is this process triggered?
Name the enzyme required for this process.
Name the pancreatic hormone necessary for this process.
Formation of Glucogen from Glucose.
When the concentration of glucose is high
Glycogen synthase
Insulin
The function of the hormone insulin is to lower blood glucose concentrations. What are two other ways insulin lowers blood glucose concentrations?
- increase in the rate of glycolysis lowers blood glucose.
- increase in the synthesis of lipids and proteins
What is glycogenolysis
When is this process triggered?
Name the enzyme required for this process.
Name the pancreatic hormone necessary for this process.
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
When the concentration of glucose is low
Glycogen phosphorylase
Glucagon
What is inverted sugar and why is it used for foods?
Sucrose(disacc) is hydrolyzed to glucose(monosacc) & fructose(monosacc).
Inverted sugar is sweeter and cheaper to buy.
How is high fructose corn syrup made?
D-Glucose (75) —<u>enzyme</u>–> D-Fructose (170)
170 is sweeter on the index
Classify each type of phospholipids:
Sphingo =
Glycero =
Sphingo = has alcohol
Glycero = No alcohol.
Is Glycolysis Catabolic or anabolic?
Catabolic
What is the net change in the following during gluconeogenesis?
- 6 ATP
- 2 NADH
The two cyclic forms of glucose are referred to as
Anomers
Compounds made from combining a fatty acids with a long chain alcohols is called
Wax Esters
Animal fats and vegetable oils in which three fatty acid residues are joined to a glycerol residue by ester bonds are called
Triglycerides
Reaction of an unsaturated triglyceride to a saturated one is called ________. In partial hydrogneation only some of the double bonds are removed
catalytic hydrogenation
The hydrolysis of ester groups in a triglyceride in the presence of hydroxide ions is called
saponification
Diets high in trans fats have been linked to increased risk of heart disease. The major source artificial trans fats in our diet is
partially hydrogenated vegetable oils
Lipids made by combining glycerol, two fatty acids, one phosphate group and one alcohol containing group is called
glycerophospholipids
Lipids that contain a sugar residue are called
Glycolipids
____________ converts triglycerides into fatty acid salts and glycerol. The compound NaOH is the source of the OH- used in the reaction.
Saponification
Describe the makeup of triglycerides and list the 4 reactions
3 fatty acids + Glycerol
saponification
hydrogenation
partial hydrogenation
oxidation
