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Scott > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates can be placed into one of three categories:

1.

2.

3.

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Oligosaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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2
Q
  1. Monosaccharides:
  2. Oligosaccharides:
  3. Polysaccharides:
A
  1. Monosaccharides: Glucose/polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
  2. Oligosaccharides: Lactose/contains 2-10 monosaccharide residues.
  3. Polysaccharides: Starch/contain more than 10 monosaccharide residues.
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3
Q

“ose” indicates the molecule is a _________.

Aldoses:

Ketoses:

Trioses:

Tetroses:

Pentoses:

Aldohexose:

A

“ose” indicates the molecule is a carbohydrate.

Aldoses: Contains an aldehyde group.

Ketoses: Contains a ketone.

Trioses: Have 3 carbon atoms.

Tetroses: Have 4 carbon atoms.

Pentoses: Have 5 carbon atoms, and so on.

Aldohexose: Aldehyde sugar w/ 6 carbon atoms.

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4
Q

Aldo = _______

Keto = _______

<em>The top of their structures</em>

A

Aldo = CHO

Keto = CH2OH

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5
Q

Carbohydrates contain _________ atoms and have __________

A

Chiral Carbon Atoms

Stereoisomers

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6
Q

Enantiomers are represented using _____________.

A

Fischer projection

(3D → 2D drawing)

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7
Q

In Fischer projection, _________ sit at the intersection of a vertical and a horizontal line.

The horizontal line represents bonds pointing ________ the viewer, and the vertical lines are for bonds pointing _______ from the viewer.

A

Chiral Carbon Atoms

Toward / Away

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8
Q

Chiral Carbons must have ______ different groups surrounding it.

A

4

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9
Q

What is the role of glycolysis?

A

To convert 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvates.

Generates 2 ATP and 2 NADH in the process.

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10
Q

What steps in glycolysis involved coupled reactions to ATP? (ie., ATP supplies energy) Why?

A

Steps 1 & 3 involved coupled reactions to ATP.

Both steps are nonspontaneous.

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11
Q

Are the reactions in step 1 and 3 coupled to ATP to make the net reaction spontaneous or nonspontaneous?

A

Begins as nonspontaneous.

ATP supplies energy to make it spontaneous.

If it were nonspontaneous then the CA cycle will stop.

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12
Q

In the coupled reactions to ATP is the change in energy greater than zero or is it less than zero?

A

Change in energy is negative.

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13
Q

Is glycolysis catabolic or anabolic?

A

Catabolic

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14
Q

In what part of the cell does glycolysis take place in?

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate

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16
Q

What is the fate of the compound that is the final product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate → Ethanol

Pyruvate → Lactate

Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA (ca-cylce)

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17
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

What is the role of this process?

A
  • The pathway involved in making glucose from noncarbohydrate sources like amino acids, glycerol, CoA and lactate.
  • Takes place mostly in the liver.
  • The role of this process is to convert noncarbohydrates into glucose.
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18
Q

What is the net change during the conversion of pyruvate to glucose?

A
  • 6 ATP
  • 2 NADH
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19
Q

Is gluconeogenesis catabolic or anabolic?

A

Anabolic

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20
Q

Identify the compound that is common to gluconeogenesis and the CA cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate

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21
Q

Acetyl-CoA in excess of what can be immediately used by the CA cycle is converted into ____________.

A

Ketone bodies

FYI: (acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, & acetone)

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22
Q

High concentration of ketone bodies in the blood can lead to _____________, a potentially fatal drop in blood pH caused by the presence of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate.

A

Ketoacidosis

FYI: (Uncontrolled diabetes, extreme dieting.)

23
Q

Reactions of Monosaccharides- Reduction:

When D-glucose, D-ylose, and D-Ribose are treated with H2 and Pt, they are converted into ______________.

A

Alcohol sugars

24
Q

Benedict’s reagent is a _____ oxidizing agent.

A

Mild

25
Q

Benedict’s reagent oxidizes _______ but not ________.

In nature, these oxidations are catalyzed by _______.

A

Aldehydes

Alcohols

(alcohols can oxidize, not w/ benedicts though)

Enzymes

26
Q

Sugars that give a positive Benedict’s test are called ____________.

A

Reducing Sugars

27
Q

Ketones(CH2OH) will test negative with Benedict’s test.

D-Fructose does not contain an aldehyde(CHO) group, D-Fructose gives a positive Benedict’s test. Why?

A

Under basic conditions of the Benedict’s test, D-fructose rearranges to become D-glucose or D-mannose, each of which is an aldehyde.

28
Q

Sugars that give a positive Benedict’s test are called reducing sugars.

What happens during this oxidation process that gives a positive Benedict’s test result?

A

In the process of being oxidized, they reduce the Cu2+ (blue) present in the reagent to Cu+ (red-brown).

The positive reddish brown ppt is due to the copper(I) ion formed.

29
Q

The product that forms when an aldehyde is reacted with one alcohol molecule is called a __________.

The product from a ketone and an alcohol is known as a __________.

A

Hemiacetal

Hemiketal

30
Q

When an alcohol molecule is present in the same molecule as an aldehyde or ketone group, a _________ forms.

A

Cyclic Hemiacetal

FYI: Cyclic Hemiacetal is a very important part of the chemistry of sugars.

31
Q

D-Glucose has one aldehyde and five alcohol groups, which presents the possibility for the existence of a numver of different ______________.

A

Cyclic Hemiacetals

32
Q

Pyranose = ______ atoms in ring.

Furanose = _____ atoms in ring.

A

Pyranose = 6 atoms in ring

Furanose = 5 atoms in ring.

33
Q

Anomers:

The hemiacetal with the -OH on carbon 1 pointing down is a called the _______ anomer.

The hemiacetal with the -OH group pointing up is the ________ anomer.

A

alpha (a)

beta (b)

34
Q

__________ is the interconversion of the alpha and beta anomers.

“alpha ⇔ open ⇔ beta”

“Interconversion”: A process in which two things are each converted into the other, often as the result of chemical or physical activity

A

Mutarotation

Must be able to open up = alpha ⇔ open ⇔ beta

In solution, cyclic hemiacetal groups of alpha and beta anomers undergo continuous change.

35
Q

When two alcohol molecules react with an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of H+, an _______ or _______ forms.

A

Acetal

Ketal

36
Q

________ play a key role in the structures or sucrose, maltose, starch, glycogen etc.

A

Acetals

37
Q

Oligosaccharides:

2 and 10 monosaccharide residues are joined to one another by ________ bonds.

Examples: Maltose, cellobiose, lactose, sucrose

A

Glycosidic (acetal) bonds

38
Q

Oligosaccharides:

_________, which contain two monosaccharide residues, are the oligosaccharides found most widely in nature.

Examples: Maltose, cellobiose, lactose, sucrose

A

Disaccharides

39
Q

Is Maltose a reducing sugar?

A
  • In maltose, the glucose residue with the hemiacetal carbon atom can undergo mutarotation.
  • When in the open form, it reacts as an aldehyde and can be oxidized by Benedict’s.
  • This makes maltose a reducing sugar.
  • i.e. alpha ⇔ open ⇔ beta
40
Q

What is lactose intolerence?

What are the results of lactose intolerence?

A

Cannot digest lactose.

Deficiancy in beta galactosidase(enzyme) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the beta(1-4)glycosidic bond in lactose.

Intestinal gas buildup

41
Q

_____ & ____ can change the entire makeup of molecule.

Give example:

A

Alpha & Beta

The way that alpha and beta are oriented can determine a food being fully digestable vs foods that wont break down all the way (roughage).

42
Q

Is Sucrose a reducing sugar?

Why?

A

No, it must be able to open up in order to mutorotate.

43
Q

Polysaccharides are ____ or more monosaccharide residues.

A

10 or more

44
Q

Homopolysaccharide: ________

A

Cellulose

45
Q

Cellusulose

A
  • Support to stemps/stalks (Fiber)
  • Tough water-insoluble protective barrier
  • non-digestable
  • Homopolysaccharide
    • Contains D-glucose
46
Q

D-glucose makes ______ and _____.

A

Starch

Cellulose

47
Q
  • Homopolysaccharides contain ____ monosaccharide, which is _________.
  • Heteropolysaccharides contain ____ monosaccharides.
  • Homopolysaccharides Starch contains two different homopolysaccharides, _______ and _________.
  • Homopolysaccharides Starch will also store ______.
A
  • One
  • D-Glucose
  • Two
  • Amylose & Amylopectin
  • Energy
48
Q

What starch is to plants, ______ is to animals.

A

Glucogen

49
Q

Polysaccharides:

beta-(1→4): ______

alpha-(1→4): ______

alpha:-(1→6): ______

(25→30 units): ______

A

Polysaccharides:

beta-(1→4): Cellulose

alpha-(1→4): Amylose

alpha:-(1→6): Branched

(25→30 units): Amylopectin

50
Q
  • Glycogenesis is when glucose (mono) conc. is ___ in the blood.
  • Equ. shift to store _______ (poly storage).
  • Enzyme that speeds up this reaction is called _______.
  • The hormone that activated the enzyme is called ______.
A
  • High
  • Glycogen
  • Glycogen synthase
  • Insuline (removes excess glucose & can speed up glycolysis)
51
Q
  • Glycogenlysis** is when glucose (mono) conc. is ___ in the blood.
  • Enzyme that speeds up this reaction is called _______.
  • The hormone that activated the enzyme is called ______.
A
  • Low
  • Glycogenphosphrylase
  • Glucogon
52
Q

How is Amalose and Amalopectine similar?

How are they different?

A

They each consist of glucose residues connected by: alpha-(1→4) glycocitic bonds.

Amalopectine also has alpha-(1→6) at the branching points.

53
Q

How is the structure of Glycogen similar to Amylopectine?

A

Both consist of Glucogen residues **j**oined by alpha (1-4) & alpha (1-6) glycosidic bonds

54
Q

Why can humans use starch as food and not cellulose?

A

Humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze starch and these enzymes cannot hydrolyze cellulose

Scott (26 decks)

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