Sandy Chapter 12: Enzymes

Question 1

What are some enzymes produced initially as zymogens(inactive enzyme)?

Answer 1

Trypsin & Chymotrypsin

Question 2

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin are initially formed as zymogens (inactive enzymes). Removal of hexapeptide converts:

trypsinogen (inactive) into ______ (active)

chymotrypsinogen (inactive) into _________ (active)

Answer 2

Trypsin

chymotrypsin

Question 3

Allosteric enzymes are regulated by ions or molecules called _______ ________.

Answer 3

allosteric effectors

Question 4

Describe the effect of positive and negative effectors on allosteric enzymes.

What are two reasons for positive and negative effectors to speed up or slow down reaction rate?

Answer 4

Pos effectors increase rate of reaction

Neg effectors decrease rate of reaction

1. Cells Energy Deficient
2. Cells Energy Rich

_{(energy = atp, gtp, etc.)}

Question 5

Main Control Point is which step in the CA cycle?

Answer 5

Step 3

Question 6

Describe what happens at the Main control Point.

Answer 6

conversion of isomers

Neg effectors: ATP, NADH

Pos effectors: ADP, NAD⁺

Question 7

Which steps are Control Points in the CA cycle?

_{fyi: (<strong> m</strong><b>ain control vs control = diff</b>)}

Answer 7

Steps 1, 3, 10

_{(<strong>3</strong> is <strong>main</strong> control point)}

Question 8

If cells are energy rich what will happen?

If cells are energy deficient what will happen?

Answer 8

ATP & Citrate increase & work as Neg effectors

ADP & AMP increase & work as Pos effectors

Question 9

trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes located in the ____________.

Zymogens are enzymes located in the __________.

_{(which organ?)}

Answer 9

Small Intestines

Pancrease

Question 10

Why are Zymogens inactive enzymes?

Answer 10

They would digest organs

Question 11

3 common Ketone Bodies found in urine while testing for diabetes.

Answer 11

Aceto Acetate

Acetone

3-Hydroxybutyrate

Question 12

Digestion

Where does enzyme breakdown take place for the following:

Starch (saccharides) =

Proteins (peptides) =

Fats (glycerides) =

Answer 12

Starch (saccharides) = Mouth

Proteins (peptides) = Stomach

Fats (glycerides) = Small Intestines_{(Some in stomach)}

Question 13

Name the products formed during the digestion of polysaccharides

Answer 13

monosaccharides

Question 14

Name the products formed during the digestion of Triglycerides

Answer 14

monoacylglycerides

fatty acids

glycerol

Question 15

Name the products formed during the digestion of proteins

Answer 15

amino acids

Question 16

This involves the biosynthesis of larger compounds from smaller ones in processes that usually require energy.

Answer 16

Anabolism

Question 17

The sum of all reactions that take place in a living thing

Answer 17

Metabolism

Question 18

Compounds are broken down into smaller ones and process that usually release energy.

Answer 18

Catabolism

Question 19

What are the three types of metabolic pathways?

Answer 19

Linear

Circular

Spiral

Question 20

A continuous series of reactions in which the product of one reaction is the reactant in the next.

Answer 20

Linear

Question 21

A series of reactions where the final product is an initial reactant.

Answer 21

circular

Question 22

A series of repeated reactions is used to break down or build up a molecule.

Answer 22

Spiral

Question 23

A spontaneous reaction provides the energy needed by a nonspon one

Answer 23

Coupled reaction

Question 24

What is the initial reactant and final product in glycolysis

Answer 24

1 glucose

2 pyruvate

Question 25

How is glycolysis controlled?

Answer 25

spontaneous

catabolic

Question 26

Explain how glyconeogenesis differs from glycolysis

Answer 26

glyconeogenesis: glucose from noncarb sources

_{occurs under starvation}

Question 27

Be able to differentiate between Absolute specificity, Relative specificity, Stereospecificity

A few enzymes exhibit _______ specificity; that is, they will catalyze only one particular reaction.

________ specificity; a molecule that interacts with its numerous substrates.

______-specificity is the property of a reaction mechanism that leads to different stereoisomeric reaction products

Answer 27

Absolute specificity

Relative specificity

Stereospecificity