Test 3: Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

a distinctive pattern of behaving, mannerisms, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterize an individual over time and across different situations.

Question 2

Freud: The Psychodynamic Approach

Answer 2

personality is primarily formed by early childhood experiences, and shaped by unconscious processes.

Question 3

Id

Answer 3

-present at birth, operates under “pleasure principle”=seek immediate gratification, our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses (especially sexual and aggressive drives)

Question 4

Ego

Answer 4

referee between Id and Superego to meet demands of society, hold back impulses until appropriate, operates under “reality principle” = delay gratifying immediate needs to function in real world.

Question 5

Superego

Answer 5

represents morality and parental authority, delivers feelings of pride, satisfaction OR guilt and shame

Question 6

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 6

unconscious coping mechanisms (used by ego) that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses.

Question 7

Repression

Answer 7

a mental process that removes painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from the conscious mind.

Question 8

Projection

Answer 8

involves attributing one’s own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses or another person or group.
-people who think they’re dishonest will think other people are dishonest also

Question 9

Rationalization

Answer 9

involves supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal (mostly from oneself) one's underlying motives or feelings.
-you dropped the class because the classroom was uncomfortable not because you failed a test

Question 10

Displacement

Answer 10

involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative
-slamming a door

Question 11

Sublimation

Answer 11

involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities
-channeling anger into football

Question 12

Reaction Formation

Answer 12

involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite.
-being excessively nice to someone you dislike

Question 13

Regression

Answer 13

the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development.
-adult cuddling with teddy bear when stressed

Question 14

Denial

Answer 14

Denial is the refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist.
-Alcoholic saying he doesn’t have a drinking problem

Question 15

Identification

Answer 15

helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope.
-A child whose parent severely punishes them may later be a bully

Question 16

Psychosexual Stages

Answer 16

Distinct early life stages through which sexual energy takes on different forms as child matures. Each stage associated with conflict to be resolved, otherwise child is fixated. Which stage the child gets stuck in forms personality.

Question 17

Oral stage

Answer 17

The first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed.

Question 18

Anal Stage

Answer 18

The second psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training.

Question 19

Phallic Stage

Answer 19

The third psychosexual stage, during which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict.

Question 20

Latency Stage

Answer 20

The fourth psychosexual stage, during which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills.

Question 21

Genital Stage

Answer 21

The final psychosexual stage, a time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner.

Question 22

Oedipus conflict

Answer 22

A developmental experience in which a child’s conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent are (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent

Question 23

Fixation

Answer 23

a person’s pleasure-seeking drives become stuck or arrested at that psychosexual stage.

Question 24

Myers-Briggs Type indicator

Answer 24

predict how people will do at work, get along with others, succeed as leaders, low reliability but still used often.
extroverted-introverted
sensing-intuitive
thinking-feeling
judging-perceiving

Question 25

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):

Answer 25

a well-researched clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems. 567 questions

• Depression, anxiety, paranoia, sociable, impulsive, hypochondriasis, schizophrenia…etc.
• Validity scales: faking good, faking bad

Question 26

Projective techniques

Answer 26

a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individuals’ personality. (Psychodynamic)

Question 27

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 27

a projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent’s inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure

Question 28

Thematic Apperception Test

Answer 28

a projective personality test in which respondent’s reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

Question 29

Trait

Answer 29

a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way.

Question 30

The Big Five

Answer 30

traits of the five-factor model include:
extroversion – introversion
neuroticism – emotional stability
agreeableness – antagonism
conscientiousness  -- impulsive
openness to experience – resistance to new experiences

Question 31

Which type of twins have more similar personalities regardless of whether they were raised together or separately?

Answer 31

Identical Twins because they share most of their genes

Question 32

Environmental impact on personality

Answer 32

People act differently in different situations
Different behaviors are rewarded, punished, ignored in different contexts
Experience matters

Question 33

Peer influence on personality

Answer 33

Cornell Study of “secret lives”

Value placed on academic success of peer group shapes students’ academic success

Question 34

Individualist Cultures

Answer 34

Self is regarded as autonomous, individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others
US, Western Europe

Question 35

Collective Cultures

Answer 35

Self is regarded as embedded in relationships, harmony with one’s group is prized above individual goals and wishes.
Japan, China, Korea

Question 36

Aggression is _____ bound

Answer 36

culturally

Question 37

_____ kids are the least altruistic

Answer 37

American

Question 38

Humanistic Psychologists

Answer 38

emphasize a positive, optimistic view of human nature that highlights people’s inherent goodness and their potential for personal growth and resilience.

Question 39

Carl Rogers

Answer 39

• Unconditional positive regard

- Can correct someone’s behavior (discipline a child) without withdrawing love.

Question 40

Abraham Maslow

Answer 40

• Hierarchy of Needs

- self-actualization

Question 41

Self-actualizing tendency

Answer 41

The human motive to realize our inner potential

Question 42

Existentialist Psychologists

Answer 42

emphasize the individual as a responsible agent who is free to create and live his or her life while negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death.

Question 43

Existential approach

Answer 43

regards personality as governed by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death