Test 1: Neuroscience and Behavior

Question 1

Neuron

Answer 1

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks

Question 2

Cell body

Answer 2

coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive

Question 3

Dendrites

Answer 3

receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

Question 4

Axon

Answer 4

transmits information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Question 5

Myelin sheath

Answer 5

insulating layer of fatty material

Question 6

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 6

increase efficiency of signal transmission

Question 7

Synapse

Answer 7

the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

Question 8

Sensory neurons

Answer 8

TO BRAIN

receive information from the external world travel through spinal cord convey to brain

Question 9

Motor nuerons

Answer 9

TO BODY

spinal cord to the muscles induce movement.

Question 10

Internuerons

Answer 10

neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons.

Question 11

Two stages of electrical signaling?

Answer 11

conduction and transmission

Question 12

Resting potential

Answer 12

When the neuron is at rest, positively charged potassium ions (K+) flow out
-cell -

Question 13

Action potential

Answer 13

an electric signal that is conducted along an axon to a synapse
-cell +

Question 14

Refractory period

Answer 14

the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated

Question 15

terminal buttons

Answer 15

knoblike structures that branch out from an axon

Question 16

nuerotransmitters

Answer 16

chemicals that transmit information across the synapse

Question 17

receptors

Answer 17

parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate a new electric signal

Question 18

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Answer 18

voluntary motor control, memory, learning

Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 19

Dopamine (DA)

Answer 19

• regulates motor behavior, pleasure, and emotional arousal.
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Schizophrenia
• Drug Addiction

Question 20

Glutamate

Answer 20

• excitatory NT, learning, memory

- High Glutamate = seizures

Question 21

GABA

Answer 21

• inhibitory NT

- Low GABA = seizures

Question 22

Norepinephrine (NE)

Answer 22

• influences mood and arousal.

- Depression

Question 23

Serotonin (5-HT)

Answer 23

• regulates sleep, dreaming, mood, aggression, appetite, sexual behavior.
• Depression/Anxiety/OCD

Question 24

Endorphins

Answer 24

• chemicals that act within pain and pleasure pathways and emotion centers of the brain.
• Runner’s High

Question 25

Nervous System

Answer 25

- an interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body. - Nerves: bundles of axons and glial cells that support neurons. - CNS + PNS

Question 26

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 26

brain and spinal cord.

Question 27

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 27

- connects the central nervous system to the body’s organs and muscles. - Somatic + Autonomic

Question 28

Somatic NS

Answer 28

- a set of nerves that conveys information into and out of the CNS. Communicates with sense organs (eyes) and voluntary muscles. - Sensory NS + Motor NS

Question 29

Autonomic NS (ANS)

Answer 29

- a set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands. - Sympathetic NS + Parasympathetic NS

Question 30

Sensory NS

Answer 30

a set of nerves transmitting sensory input from body to brain

Question 31

Motor NS

Answer 31

a set of nerves for motor output from brain to body

Question 32

Sympathetic NS

Answer 32

a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in threatening situations

Question 33

Parasympathetic NS

Answer 33

a set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state.

Question 34

CNS made of?

Answer 34

the brain and the spinal cord, which communicate and collaborate on a variety of complex tasks.

Question 35

Spinal reflexes

Answer 35

simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions.

Question 36

Hind brain (brainstem)

Answer 36

an area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord, and controls the basic functions of life.

Question 37

Medulla

Answer 37

coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration

Question 38

Reticular formation

Answer 38

regulates sleep, wakefulness, and arousal level.

Question 39

cerebellum

Answer 39

fine motor skills, coordination, balance

Question 40

pons

Answer 40

relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. Sleep and dreams

Question 41

Midbrain

Answer 41

- small, midsection of the brain that is important for orientation and movement (vision, hearing, voluntary motor control) - tectum - tegmentum

Question 42

Forebrain

Answer 42

critical for complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor function.

Question 43

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 43

the outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye and divided into 2 hemispheres.

Question 44

Subcortical Structures

Answer 44

areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain.

Question 45

Thalamus

Answer 45

relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex.

Question 46

Hypothalamus

Answer 46

regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior.

Question 47

Pituitary gland

Answer 47

the “master-gland”, releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body.

Question 48

Hippocampus

Answer 48

critical for creating new memories

Question 49

Amygdala

Answer 49

emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories.

Question 50

Occipital Lobe

Answer 50

processes visual information.

Question 51

Parietal Lobe

Answer 51

- processes information about touch. | - Somatosensory Cortex

Question 52

Temporal Lobe

Answer 52

responsible for hearing and language.

Question 53

frontal lobe

Answer 53

specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment. Motor Cortex

Question 54

Corpus Callosum

Answer 54

a thick band of nerve fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres and supports communication of information across the hemispheres.

Question 55

Left hemisphere is responsible for

Answer 55

language

Question 56

Right hemisphere is responsible for

Answer 56

visual-spatial