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Psych 101 > Test 1: Neuroscience and Behavior > Flashcards

Test 1: Neuroscience and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks

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2
Q

Cell body

A

coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

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4
Q

Axon

A

transmits information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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5
Q

Myelin sheath

A

insulating layer of fatty material

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6
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

increase efficiency of signal transmission

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7
Q

Synapse

A

the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

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8
Q

Sensory neurons

A

TO BRAIN

receive information from the external world travel through spinal cord convey to brain

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9
Q

Motor nuerons

A

TO BODY

spinal cord to the muscles induce movement.

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10
Q

Internuerons

A

neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons.

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11
Q

Two stages of electrical signaling?

A

conduction and transmission

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12
Q

Resting potential

A

When the neuron is at rest, positively charged potassium ions (K+) flow out
-cell -

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13
Q

Action potential

A

an electric signal that is conducted along an axon to a synapse
-cell +

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14
Q

Refractory period

A

the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated

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15
Q

terminal buttons

A

knoblike structures that branch out from an axon

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16
Q

nuerotransmitters

A

chemicals that transmit information across the synapse

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17
Q

receptors

A

parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate a new electric signal

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18
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

voluntary motor control, memory, learning

Alzheimer’s Disease

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19
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A
  • regulates motor behavior, pleasure, and emotional arousal.
  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • Schizophrenia
  • Drug Addiction
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20
Q

Glutamate

A
  • excitatory NT, learning, memory

- High Glutamate = seizures

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21
Q

GABA

A
  • inhibitory NT

- Low GABA = seizures

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22
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A
  • influences mood and arousal.

- Depression

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23
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A
  • regulates sleep, dreaming, mood, aggression, appetite, sexual behavior.
  • Depression/Anxiety/OCD
24
Q

Endorphins

A
  • chemicals that act within pain and pleasure pathways and emotion centers of the brain.
  • Runner’s High
25
Q

Nervous System

A
  • an interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body.
  • Nerves: bundles of axons and glial cells that support neurons.
  • CNS + PNS
26
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord.

27
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • connects the central nervous system to the body’s organs and muscles.
  • Somatic + Autonomic
28
Q

Somatic NS

A
  • a set of nerves that conveys information into and out of the CNS. Communicates with sense organs (eyes) and voluntary muscles.
  • Sensory NS + Motor NS
29
Q

Autonomic NS (ANS)

A
  • a set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands.
  • Sympathetic NS + Parasympathetic NS
30
Q

Sensory NS

A

a set of nerves transmitting sensory input from body to brain

31
Q

Motor NS

A

a set of nerves for motor output from brain to body

32
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in threatening situations

33
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

a set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state.

34
Q

CNS made of?

A

the brain and the spinal cord, which communicate and collaborate on a variety of complex tasks.

35
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions.

36
Q

Hind brain (brainstem)

A

an area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord, and controls the basic functions of life.

37
Q

Medulla

A

coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration

38
Q

Reticular formation

A

regulates sleep, wakefulness, and arousal level.

39
Q

cerebellum

A

fine motor skills, coordination, balance

40
Q

pons

A

relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. Sleep and dreams

41
Q

Midbrain

A
  • small, midsection of the brain that is important for orientation and movement (vision, hearing, voluntary motor control)
  • tectum
  • tegmentum
42
Q

Forebrain

A

critical for complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor function.

43
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

the outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye and divided into 2 hemispheres.

44
Q

Subcortical Structures

A

areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain.

45
Q

Thalamus

A

relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex.

46
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior.

47
Q

Pituitary gland

A

the “master-gland”, releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body.

48
Q

Hippocampus

A

critical for creating new memories

49
Q

Amygdala

A

emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories.

50
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

processes visual information.

51
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • processes information about touch.

- Somatosensory Cortex

52
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

responsible for hearing and language.

53
Q

frontal lobe

A

specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment. Motor Cortex

54
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

a thick band of nerve fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres and supports communication of information across the hemispheres.

55
Q

Left hemisphere is responsible for

A

language

56
Q

Right hemisphere is responsible for

A

visual-spatial

Psych 101 (19 decks)

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