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Psych 101 > Test 2: Learning > Flashcards

Test 2: Learning Flashcards

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GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

learning

A

an experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner.

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2
Q

Behaviorism measures only…

A

observable, quantifiable behavior (no reference to our mind).

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3
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.

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4
Q

Classical conditioning consists of what four components?

A

unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR)

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5
Q

Conditioned response

A

A reaction that resembles an UR, but is produced by a CS

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6
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

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7
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

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8
Q

Unconditioned response

A

A reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an US

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9
Q

What is the CS and CR for drug users?

A 
CS= place, people
CR= neurotransmitters that protect the brain from drugs
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10
Q

Extinction

A

the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response that occurs when the CS is no longer paired with the US.
-Never present food after the bell

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11
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

a neutral stimulus becomes a CS when paired with an already established CS
-Light -> bell -> food -> salivation.

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12
Q

Stimulus generalization (CC)

A

when a stimulus that resembles the CS also elicits the CR

-Salivate to one bell, will salivate to any bell sound

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13
Q

Stimulus Discrimination (CC)

A

the tendency to respond differently to > 2 stimuli

-Middle C on piano evokes CR, but not middle C on guitar

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14
Q

Acquisition

A

the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

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15
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

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16
Q

Watson

A

(1878-1958) Entire array of rich human emotions and behavior can be accounted for by conditioning principles

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17
Q

Learning to like

A

CC plays role in our emotional response to object, people, places, events, symbols

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18
Q

Learning to fear

A

learn to fear almost anything if paired with something associated with pain, embarrassment
-PHOBIAS

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19
Q

The Case of Little Albert

A

In Watson’s experiment, Little Albert (9months) associated a frightening loud noise (US) with a white rat (CS) to elicit fear (CR).

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20
Q

Classical conditioning only occurs when…

A

an animal has learned to set up an expectation

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21
Q

Conditioning is easier when the CS is…

A

an unfamiliar event than if a familiar one (no pre-existing expectations)

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22
Q

Food aversions

A

Biological readiness/preparedness to associate sickness with taste more than sights or sounds

23
Q

Operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future.

24
Q

Law of effect

A

behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated and those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated

25
Q

Neutral consequence

A

neither increases nor decreases the probability that something will occur

26
Q

Reinforcer

A

strengthens a behavior or makes it more likely to occur.
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement.

27
Q

Punisher

A

weakens behavior or makes it less likely to occur.
positive punishment
negative punishment.

28
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

inherently reinforcing, satisfy physiological needs.

Food, water, stroking of skin

29
Q

Primary punisher

A

pain, extreme heat/cold

30
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

learned; associated with primary reinforcers through CC.

Money, good grades

31
Q

Secondary punishers

A

fines, bad grades

32
Q

Overjustification effect

A

circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior

33
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increases likelihood of behavior, stimulus presented

-Getting a pizza party for earning a good grade on an exam.

34
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increases likelihood of behavior, stimulus removed

-Don’t have to make your bed in the morning if you get an A.

35
Q

Positive punishment

A

Decreases likelihood of behavior, stimulus presented

-Having to do more weekly chores for getting caught stealing money.

36
Q

Negative punishment

A

Decreases likelihood of behavior, stimulus removed

-Having your car privileges taken away for disobeying a curfew

37
Q

Stimulus generalization (operant)

A

a behavior that has been reinforced/punished in presence of one stimulus, will/will not occur in the presence of other similar stimuli
-Pigeon reinforced for pecking circles, will also peck at ovals

38
Q

Stimulus discrimination (operant)

A

behavior will/will not occur in presence of stimuli that differ from initial reinforced/punished stimuli
-Pigeon only reinforced for circle, will not peck at square

39
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

is one that is associated with reinforcement.

-If the light is on, the pigeon will be reinforced when he pecks on the circle

40
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

when/how an organism is reinforced for a particular behavior.

41
Q

Interval schedule

A

time intervals

42
Q

Ratio schedule

A

ratio/number of responses

43
Q

Fixed interval schedule (FI)

A

reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made.

44
Q

Variable interval schedule (VI)

A

reinforcements are based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement.

45
Q

Fixed ratio schedule (FR)

A

reinforcements are presented after a specific number of responses have been made.

46
Q

Variable ratio schedule (VR)

A

reinforcements are based on a particular average number of responses.

47
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement.

48
Q

Continuous reinforcement:

A

all responses are reinforced

49
Q

FI

A

For every 10 minutes you sit still at the doctor’s office, you get a lollipop.

50
Q

VI

A

A car dealership gives away keys to a brand new car every hour (at any time in the hour).

51
Q

FR

A

After every 10 pizzas you buy, you get one free.

52
Q

VR

A

A casino jackpot machine hits on average every 100th player.

53
Q

Observational Learning

A

learning takes place by watching the actions of others.

54
Q

Model

A

someone whose behavior might serve as a guide for others.

Psych 101 (19 decks)

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