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Spring of 2012 > Test 3 (Final) > Flashcards

Test 3 (Final) Flashcards

This deck was created by combining two or more decks

0
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Rest and digest
Vegetative functions
Decrease HR, decrease BP, increase digestive function
Conserves energy

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1
Q

Almost all viscera is innervated by ________ the parasympathetic and the sympathetic systems

A

Both

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2
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty protien that coats the axon
Functions to speed the conduction of the APs
Gaps between the myelin are called nodes of panvier
The AP jumps from node to node via saltatory conduction

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3
Q

Axon

A

Conducting zone

Conducts/propagates the APs

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

All neural tissue outside of the CNS
Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Sensory and motor

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5
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of a neuron
Contains the nucleus and all other organelles
CNS= nuclei
PNS= ganglia

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6
Q

Somatic NS

A

System of motor neurons that conduct AP from CNS to skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

Input zone

Receive signals

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8
Q

Axon hillock

A

Trigger zone
Sums incoming signals (inhibitory and excitatory)
Generates AP if threshold is reached

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9
Q

Sensory/afferent system

A

Carries signals from sensory receptors to CNS (input)

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10
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

Command center that receives information form sensory receptors

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11
Q

Propogate

A

To reproduce and spread

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12
Q

Axonal/terminal branches

A

Carry the AP to several extensions

The AP remains the same strength in all the branches

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13
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Fight or flight
Energetic functions
Increase HR, increase BP, decrease digestive function

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14
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Visceral nerve fibers that conduct AP from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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15
Q

Neurons/nerve cells

A

Highly specialized to conduct APs throughout the body
Lose the ability to divide and reproduce at maturity (have extreme longevity)
Very high metabolic rate therefore they need a constant supply of oxygen and glucose to prevent irreversible damage

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16
Q

Axon terminals

A

Secretory zone

Release of neurotransmitters/neurohormones to communicate with another neuron, muscle, or gland

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17
Q

Motor/efferent

A

Carries signals from the CNS to effector organs
Results in the contraction of muscle or glandular secretion

Somatic NS and autonomic NS

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18
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Ah receptor antagonist

Ex. Atropine
Curare

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19
Q

Curare

A

N2 receptor antagonist
Decrease in skeletal muscle activity
Best know for its uses as an arrow poison in south America

Drug causes paralysis

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20
Q

Neostigmine

A

Used to treat myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune disease where N2 receptors on skeletal tissue are destroyed

Drug allows Ach to increase stimulation of functioning N2 receptors

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21
Q

Antiadrenergics

A

Adrenergic receptor antagonists
Blocks sympathetic response

Ex. Propranolol
Hytin

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22
Q

Physostigmine

A

Used to treat digestive disorders that result in a decrease in gut motility

Increase gut activity (M3)

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23
Q

Propranolol

A

Beta1 receptor blocker
Treatment for high blood pressure

Drug causes a decrease I’m HR, which leads o a decrease in BP

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24
Parasympathomimetics
Muscarinic receptor agonists Similar in structure to Ach Cause parasympathetic response Ex. Pilocarpine
25
Ach-esterase inhibitors
Pent the breakdown of Ach allowing it to exert its effects for a longer period of time Ex. Physostigmine Neostigmine
26
Agonist
Binds to a receptor and elicits a response
27
Pilocarpine
Used to treat glaucoma Condition caused by The compression of the optic nerve by excess fluid Drug induces contraction of the muscle in the eye (ciliary) which aids the fluid drainage (M3)
28
Atropine
Muscarinic receptor blocker Blocks the parasympathetic response Used to reduce salivation Nd mucus production in surgical patients Drug decreases glandular secretory activity (M3)
29
Hytin
Alpha1 receptor blocker Treatment for tissue hypoxia Drug causes vasodilation of blood vessels, increase blood flow
30
Sympathomimetics
Adnergic receptor agonists Similar in structure to epinephrine and neuroepinephrine Elicit a sympathetic response Ex. Ventolin
31
Antagonist
Binds to a receptor and blocks a response
32
Ventolin
Used as a treatment for asthma Drug causes relaxation of smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles (Beta2)
33
Postsynaptic cell
The receiving structure
34
Each AP is _______, APs _______ decrease on intensity during propagation
Identical | Do not
35
Neuro- neuronal synapse
One neuron to another neuron
36
Chemical synapses
Much more common Specialized for the release and reception of neurotransmitters and neurohormones Convert electrical signals into chemical signals
37
Neuro-glandular synapse
One neuron to a gland
38
Chemical synapse | Convert electrical to chemical
The chemical signal travels across the synapse to the post synaptic structure And then is converted back into electrical signals
39
Neuro- muscular synapse
One neuron to a muscle
40
Functional types of synapses
Electrical | Chemical
41
During repolarization the membrane is in
A relative refractory period
42
The post synaptic structure can be........
Excited or inhibited
43
Excitatory post synaptic potential
NT/NH binding causes channels that allow depolarization to open Becomes more positive on the inside Brought closer to threshold Usually chemically gated Na+ ion channels (influx)
44
As the AP travels down the length of the axon
It is newly generated at each patch of the membrane
45
Gap junctions
Specialized cellular adhesions
46
Relative refractory period
A 2nd AP can be generated on top of the first if the stimulus is strong enough
47
Inhibitory post synaptic potential
NT/NH binding causes channels that induce hyperpolarization to open Becomes more negative on he inside Taken further from threshold Can be chemically gated K+ ion channels (eflux) or chemically gated Cl- ion channels (influx)
48
Electrical synapses
Joined by gap junctions Allow electricity to flow quickly from cell to cell Ex. In the heart
49
Presynaptic cell
The neuron conducting signals toward the synapse Info sender
50
Absolute refractory period
Cannot respond to further stimulation | No matter how strong
51
Once threshold is reached a _______ AP is generated. It _______ possible to produce a partial AP
Complete | Is not
52
Synapse
The junction where information is transferred from
53
During depolarization the membrane is in
An absolute refractory period
54
Postganglionic fiber
Neuron whose cell body lies in the PNS Binds to the NT released from the postganglionic fiber Axon extends to the effector organ Releases NT that bind to the effector organ
55
Function of the parasympathetic NS
Rest and digest Vegetative and Maintance activities Conservation of ATP Ex. Decrease HR, decrease BP, increase digestive function
56
Location of ganglia (origin of postganglionic fiber)
Sympathetic- sympathetic ganglionchain Collateral ganglion Adrenal medulla Parasympathetic- terminal ganglion
57
Digestive tract smooth muscle
P- increase in motility (M3) S- decrease in motility (Alpha2, Beta2) Increase contraction of sphinctors (Alpha1)
58
N2
On sarcolemma of skeletal tissue (depolarization)
59
Muscatinic receptors
Receptor stimulation by ch can result in an excitatory or inhibitory response depending on the receptor and the target organ M1 M2 M3
60
Neurotransmitters
Somatic- Ach | Autonomic- Ach, epinephrine, neuroepinephrine
61
Esophageal plexus
Innervates the esophagus
62
Preganglionic sympathetic fiber releases Ach which binds to N1 receptors on medullary tissue
This causes a release of epinephrine and neuroepinephrine into the blood stream (system wide sympathetic response)
63
Cardiac plexus
Innervates the heart
64
Adrenal medulla
Internal portion of the adrenal gland
65
Nicotinic receptor
Receptor stimulation by Ach is always excitatory N1 N2
66
Glassopharyngeal (9)
Parotid salivary gland
67
Vagus (10)
``` 90% of the parasympathetic supply Branches into the Cardiac plexus Pulmonary plexus Esophageal plexus Descending aortic plexus ```
68
Cholinergic receptors
Bind and respond to Ach Nicotinic 1&2 Muscarinic 1,2,&3
69
Origin sites of preganglionic fibers
Sympathetic- thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord (T1-L2) | Parasympathetic- cranial and spinal nerves
70
Some preganglionic fibers synapse
With the adrenal medulla
71
Sympathetic ganglionchainq
Close to the spinal cord
72
M3
Located on smooth muscle and glands | Excitatory
73
Facial (7)
Nasal glands Lacrimal glands Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
74
M1
Located on neural tissue | Excitatory
75
Cholinergic fibersq
Fibers that release Ach
76
Adrenerhic fibers
Neurons that release epinephrine and neuroepinephrine
77
Descending aortic plexus
Innervates most abdominal viscera
78
Heart
P- decrease in HR (M2) | S- increase in HR (Beta1)
79
Eye
P- pupil constriction via contraction of the circular muscle of the iris (M3) S- pupil dilation via the contraction of the radial muscle of the iris (Alpha1)
80
Sphinctor
Cuff of smooth muscle between one organ and the next
81
Dual innervation
Most viscera is innervated by both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic NS
82
Alpha
Stimulation is generally excitatory Except alpha2 on gut muscle Alpha1 Alpha2
83
M2
Located on heart | Inhibitory (decrease muscle contraction)
84
N1
On all postganglionic cell bodies (at all ganglia in ANS) | On adrenal medulla
85
Adrenergic receptors
Binds and respond to epinephrine and neuroepinephrine Alpha 1&2 Beta 1&2
86
Preganglionic fibers
Neuron whose cell body lies in the CNS | Releases NT that across a Neuro-neuronal synapse and binds with a second neuron
87
Digestive glands
P- increase in secretory activity (M3) | S- decrease in secretory activity (Beta2)
88
Function of the sympathetic NS
Fight or flight Prepares body to deal with an energetic situation Uses ATP Ex. Increase HR, increase BP, decrease digestive function
89
The efferent division is divided into two parts
Somatic | Autonomic
90
Liver
P- no innervation | S- glycogen breakdown (Beta2)
91
Terminal ganglion
Close to the effector organ
92
Pathway
Somatic- single neuron | Autonomic- 2 neuron chain with a synapse in between
93
Collateral ganglion
Midway between the spinal cord and the effector organ
94
Affectors
Somatic- skeletal muscle | Autonomic- smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, viscera
95
Blood vessel smooth muscle
P- no innervation BV serving the external genetalia (M3) S- blood vessel vaso-constriction (Alpha1)
96
Autonomic tone
One division is exhibiting more tone depending on what the body needs
97
Parasympathetic and sympathetic ______ each other and _______ are active all the time
Oppose | Both
98
Pulmonary plexus
Innervates the lungs and bronchi
99
Respiratory system
P- contraction of smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles (M3) S- relaxation of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles (Beta2)
100
Beta
Stimulation is generally inhibitory Except beta1 on the heart Beta1 Beta2
101
Occulomotor (3)
Smooth muscle of the eye that influences pupil size and eyeball movement
102
Neurotransmitter effect on target cell
Somatic- always excitatory | Autonomic- excitatory or inhibitory
103
Autonomic NS is divided into two parts
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
104
Sacral region of the spinal cord Innervates:
Distal half of the large intestine Urinary bladder Reproductive organs
105
Axon diameter
The larger the diameter the faster the speed of the AP conduction Large diameter offers less resistance to the electrical flow
106
Two factors that influence the rate of AP conduction
Axon diameter | Degree of myelination
107
Group C fibers
Slowest Autonomic NS/visceral Smallest in diameter Unmyelinated
108
Central process
Enter the CNS
109
Sensory/afferent
Most are unipolar or bipolar | Transmit APs from sensory receptors in the skin and viscera toward the CNS
110
Degree of myelination
Myelinated axons exhibit "saltatory conduction" | Unmyelinated axons exhibit "continuous conduction"
111
Functional classification
Baed on the direction the AP travels in relation to the CNS Sensory/afferent Internuerons Motor/efferent
112
Multipolar neurons
3 or more processes coming from the cell body Most common type ALL stomatic efferent types
113
Bipolar neurons
1 axon and 1 dendrite coming from the cell body (dendrite may branch) Rare and specialized Receptors in the retina and olfactory mucosa
114
Unipolar neurons
1 process coming from the cell body that divides into two branches Peripheral process Central process Most sensory neurons
115
Group A fibers
Fastest Somatic fibers tha there the skin, skeletal muscle, and joints Largest in diameter Heavily myelinated
116
Peripheral process
Associated with sensory receptors
117
Internuerons
Most are multipolar Live entirely within the CNS Shuttle signals through e CNS pathways where integration takes place Make up 99% of the neuronal population
118
Group B fibers
Autonomic NS/visceral Intermediate diameter Lightly/moderately myelinated
119
Structural classification
Based on the number of processes coming from the cell body Multipolar neurons Bipolar neurons Unipolar neurons
120
Motor/efferent
All are multipolar | Transmit APs from the CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands)

Spring of 2012 (56 decks)

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