Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Spring of 2012 > Skeletal System (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Skeletal System (Exam 2) Flashcards

This flashcard deck was created using Flashcardlet's card creator

0
Q

Function: protection

A

Skull protects the brain
Vertebrae protect the spinal cord
Rib Cage protects the thoracic cavity viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Function: storage

A

Bones are the major support tissue of the body
Cartilage- firm yet flexible support
Ligaments- attach to bones and hold them together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function: storage

A

Ca+2- needed for blood clotting and for electrical signaling in the heart
Phosphorous- needed for ATP synthesis and DNA production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function: blood cell production

A

Bone marrow- location of the rbc, WBC, and platelet production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Blood cell production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cartilage

A

Consists of special cells called chondroblasts that produce new cartilage matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chondrocyte

A

When the secreted matrix surrounds the condroblast

It matures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lacunae

A

The space a chondrocyte occupies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Perichandrium

A

A double layered connective tissue sheath that covers cartilage

Outer layer- dense regular connective tissue with fibroblasts
Inner layer- made mostly of chondroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth from the outside

Chondroblasts lay down new matrix on the outside of the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Growth from the inside

Inner chondrocytes rapidly divide, expanding the cartilage from within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

General bone characteristics

A

206 named bones
Each bone is an organ
Made of living tissue (can grow and repair)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Function: protection and support

Skull, rib cage, vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Function: movement

Upper and lower limbs, shoulder and pelvic girdles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

4 bone shapes

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Long bones

A

Longer than they are wide

Most bones of the upper and lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Short bones

A

A wide as they are long

Bones of the wrist and ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin, flat, usually curved

Some skull bones, sternum, ribs, scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Irregular bones

A

Odd shaped

Vertebrae, patella (sesamoid bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Long bone structure

A 
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Medullary cavity
Periosteum
Endosteum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft that forms the long axis

Formed mostly of compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Epiphysis

A

Knobs on the end of long bones
Composed mostly of spongy/cancellous bone
Outer covering of compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
Area of growth
At the end of the growth it is transformed into bone and is called the epiphyseal line

23
Q

Medullary cavity

A

In the diaphysis of the long bone
Children- contains red marrow
Adults- contains yellow marrow

24
Periosteum
CT membrane covering the outer surface of bone Outermost: dense, irregular CT Innermost: osteoblasts, osteoclots Sharpey's fibers
25
Osteoblast
Bone forming cell
26
Osteoclot
Bone resorbing cell
27
Sharpey's fibers
Secure tendons and ligaments to periosteum
28
Endosteum
CT membrane lining inner bone surfaces
29
Flat bone structure
Usually no epiphysis or diaphysis Contains spongy bone called diploe Compact bone on the outer surface
30
Short and irregular bone structure
Spongy bone center (trabeculae and marrow) | Compact one on the outer surface
31
Osteon
The structural unit of Compact bone
32
Lamellae
Circular layers of the bone matrix Compact bone
33
Haversian canal
Passage way for blood vessels and nerves Compact bone
34
Canaliculi
Small canals that connect the lamellae to each other and to the central haversian canal Allows nutrient and waste exchange for the osteocytes Compact bone
35
Ossification (osteogenesis)
Bone development | Begins 8 weeks after conception
36
Long bones at birth......
Are well ossified except for the epiphyseal plate Complete ossification at the end of the growth period
37
Bones of the skull don't begin to ossify until......
The 10th week of gestation Not completely ossified at birth Final ossification at 2 years of age
38
Fontanels
Fibrous membranes holding the bones of the skull together before ossification
39
Bone growth
Happens in length New bone is formed on the surface of cartilage Occurs at the epiphyseal plate
40
4 zones of the epiphyseal plate
Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferation Zone of hypertrophy Zone of calcification
41
Zone of resting cartilage
Nearest to the epiphysis | Contains randomly arranged chondrocytes that are slowly dividing
42
Zone of proliferation
2nd zone Chondrocytes producing new cartilage through interstitial cartilage growth Rapid division
43
Zone of hypertrophy
3rd | Chondrocytes produced in zone 2 (proliferation) mature and enlarge
44
Zone of calcification
Consists of cartilage matrix mineralized by Ca+2 Hypertrophied chondrocytes die Blood vessels inner ate the area CT surrounding blood vessels contain osteoblasts They deposit new bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage (appositional growth)
45
Factors affecting bone growth
Nutrition | Hormones
46
Vitamin D
Needed for absorption of Ca+2 from the small intestine Deficiency in children can lead to rickets Adults with the inability to metabolize vitamin D can develop osteomalacia
47
Rickets
A disease resulting from reduced mineralization of the bone matrix Causes bones to "bow"
48
Osteomalacia
Softening of the bones as a result of Ca+2 depletion
49
Vitamin C
Necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts | Deficiency can result in scurvy
50
Scurvy
Characterized by ulceration and hemorrhage of skin because of lack of normal collagen in CT
51
Hormone at regulate the exchange of calcium between blood and bone
Calcitonin | Parathyroid hormone
52
Calcitonin
Synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland Promotes the incorporation of Ca+2 into bone from blood Sensitive to estrogen levels Lots of estrogen=lots of calcitonin release=lots of Ca+2 incorporated into the bone Menopausal women may develop osteoporosis
53
Osteoporosis
Brittle bones due to a decrease in Ca+2 deposition
54
Parathyroid hormone
Synthesized and secreted by the parathyroid gland Signal for release is low plasma calcium levels Mobilizes Ca+2 from the bone into the blood

Spring of 2012 (56 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions