Test 1 (Final) Flashcards
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Stratum basalt
Basal layer 5th layer One layer of rapidly dividing cells Has melanacytes Has merkel discs
Lamellar bodies
Produce lamellated granules
Which secrete the glycolipids
1st degree burn
Only on the epidermis
Red and painful
Heals in a week without scarring
Reticular layer
2nd layer of dermis
80% of the dermis
Dense irregular connective tissue with large bundles of collagen and elastin
Malignant melanoma
Least common
Arises from melanocytes
Develops as a large, flat, spreading sore, or a lump under the skin
Metastasis is common, usually fatal
Papillary layer
1st layer of dermis
Immediately below that stratum basale
Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastin
Dermal papillae on palms form fingerprints
Merkel discs
Touch receptors
Squamous cell carcinoma
Cells in the stratum spinosum continue unregulated cell growth
Rarely the tumor migrates from the epidermis to the dermis and can metastasize
Integumentary system functions
Protection
Body temperature regulation
Sensation
The skin
Largest organ of the body
Composed of epidermis and dermis
Stratum corneum
Top layer of epidermis
Hard layer
20-30 layers of dead cells filled with keratin
Water proofing glycolipids
Dermis
Dense irregular connective tissue Has: Blood vessels Nerve endings Hair follicles Glands Smooth muscle
Stratum granulosum
Granular layer
3rd layer
3-5 layers of cells that are alive but dying
2nd degree burn
Epidermis and dermis are damaged Red and painful Edema (swelling) usually develops Blisters develop Heal in 1-2 weeks, scarring depends on extent of dermal damage
Sebaceous gland
Present everywhere except palms and soles
Secretes sebrum
Softens and lubricates hair and skin
Stratum spinosum
Spiny layer 4th layer 5-7 layers of living cells Has melanin granules Has langerhan's cells
Langerhan’s cells
Cells of the immune system that have migrated from the bone marrow
3rd degree burn
Epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed
Skin can only regenerate from the edges
Skin grafts are often necessary
Basal cell carcinoma
Least malignant
Most common
Begins in the stratum basale
Tissue destruction produces an ulcer
Surgical removal or radiation therapy
Meissner’s corpuscles
Touch receptor in dermis
Melanacyte
Produces melanin granules
Pacinian corpuscles
Pressure receptors in dermis
Stratum lucidum
Clear layer
2nd layer
2-3 layers of dead cells filled with keratin
Only found in hard skin (soles, palms)
Epidermis
Outermost
Stratified squamous epithelium
Most cells produce keratin
Thermoceptors
Temperature receptors in Deimos
Keratinacyte
Produce granules of keratohyaline
Which secrete keratin
Merocrine/eccrine
Sweat glands
Most common
Secretory portion is coiled deep in the dermis
Releasing duct extends to the surface of the epidermis
Secretes sweat made of H2O and salt
Nociceptors
Pain receptor in dermis
Protection
Chemical barrier
Physical barrier
Biological barrier
Anterior
In front of, toward the front
Ventral
Role of a Na+/K+ pump
Actively kick out the Na+ that has passively moved in
Actively pull in the K+ that has passively moved out
Maintains differential concentration gradients for Na+ and K+ that store energy through nerve and muscle cell function
Proteins
45-50%
Suspended within the membrane
Contraction is accomplished by the intersection of cellular contractile proteins called
Actin and myosin
Visceral plura
Covers the surface of the lungs
Involuntary
Unconsciously controlled
Carbohydrates
CHO+lipid= glycolipid CHO+protein= glycoprotein
Stratified tissue
Multiple layers of cells
Parasagittal
Unequal halves
Superficial
Toward the body’s surface
External
Basal surface
Opposite apical
In contact with the structure that the tissue is covering or lining
Associated with a basement membrane
Peripheral protein
Attached to either the inner or the outer surface of the membrane
Developmental anatomy
Study of structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood
Passive transport
Doesn’t require energy (ATP)
Movement of salutes down the concentration gradient
Deep
Away from the body’s surface
Internal
Serous membranes
Double membrane that; covers organs, lines cavity walls, produces lubricating fluids
Simple diffusion
Result of the constant random motion of all atoms and molecules in a solution
Rate of diffusion increases as temperature increases
Rate of diffusion decreases as molecule size increases
Parietal paracardium
Lines the paracardial cavity
General characteristics of pm
Outermost component of a cell
Responsible for the ability of a cell to connect, recognize, and communicate with each other
Inside-intracellular
Outside-extra cellular
Extracellular matrix
Non living structural portion of tissue that surrounds and separates living cells
Histology
Examines micro-thin slivers of tissue, have usually been stained, fixed, and mounted on a microscope slide
Serous fluid
Thin layer of fluid between serosas
Facilitated diffusion
The diffusing surface binds with a carrier protein on either side of the plasma membrane
Cytology
Examines structural features of cells
Smooth muscle
Bands are not visible
Primary active transport
Na+/K+ pump
Moves sodium and potassium against their concentration gradient
More sodium in the ECF, more potassium in the ICF
3 Na move out
2 K move in
Transverse plane
Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior halves, top and bottom
Classification based on
Structure of the cell
Composition of non cellular substances that surround the cell
Cell function
Osmosis
The movement of water and area where there are less solutes to an area where there are more solutes
Parietal plura
Lines the walls of the plural cavities
All connective tissue is derived from the same embryonic tissue type
Mesenchyme
Cartilage (IM)
Chondroblast, chondrocyte
Cardiac muscle
Found only in the heart
Cells are mononucleate
Striated, involuntary
Positron emission tomographic scan (PET)
Identifies the metabolic states of various tissues
Glucose is radioactively labeled, the glucose decays and gives off positrons, positrons collide with electrons giving off gamma rays, gamma rays pinpoint the cells that are metabolically active
Proximal
Close to the attachment of a limb to the body
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Radio waves are directed at a patient lying Ina chamber surrounded internally by a large electromagnetic field
H+ protons align, and then the radio waves are turned off and the ions return to their original place producing an image
Nervous tissue
Found in brain, spinal cord, and fibers extending from these areas
Controls body functions through electrical signals called action potentials
Prone
Laying on stomach, face down
Computed tomographic scan (CT)
A low intensity x-ray tube is rotated through a 360 degree arc around the patient and the images are fed to a computer
Collagen fibers
Tick fibrous protein
Extremely strong
Most abundant
Lateral
Away from the midline, on the outer side of
Hypertonic solution
The solution with more solutes
Supine
Laying flat on your back, face up
Distal
Further from the point of attachment of a limb to the body
Basement membrane
Extra cellular material that is secreted by the epithelial cells
Active transport
Requires energy (ATP) Moving solutes against the gradient
Striated
Visible microscopic bands of contractile proteins
Parietal serosa
Membrane that lines cavity walls
Visceral peritoneum
Covers the surface of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
Embryology
Studies changes from conception to the end of the 8th week of development
Most birth defects occur in this period
Frontal plane
Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior halves, front and back
Midsaggital
Equal halves
Regional anatomy
Body structures in one particular region of the body are examined at the same time
Superior
Toward the head, above
Cranial, Cephalic
Posterior
Back of body, behind
Dorsal
Voluntary
Consciously controlled
Apical surface
Exposed to the body exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ
Can have microvilli
Ca have cilia
Visceral serosa
Membrane that covers the organs
Hypotonic solution
The solution with less solutes
Visceral paracardium
Covers the heart surface
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves
Systemic anatomy
Each of the body’s 11 systems are studied separately
Radiological anatomy
Study of anatomy using x-ray technology
Gross/macroscopic anatomy
Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
Inferior
Away from head, below
Caudel
Muscle
Responsible for movement
Contracts/shortens in response to electrical signals
Neurons/nerve cells
Actual conducting cells
Produce action potential
Functions of proteins
Attachment sites
Ion channels
Receptor molecules
Marker molecules
Elastic
Made of elastin
Provides recoil ability
Skin, lungs, blood vessels
Epithelial
Covers body surfaces and lines cavities
Forms some glands
Apical and basal surfaces
Functions: protection (skin), secretion (sweat glands), absorption (intestinal lining)
Parietal peritoneum
Lina the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
Appendicular region
Appendages, limbs, and their girdles
Reticular fibers
Thin fibrous protein
Forms a supportive network around lymphatic tissue
Spleen, lymph nodes
Loose/dense (IM)
Fibroblast, fibrocyte
Integral protein
Inserted all the way through the membrane, can communicate with ICF and ECF at the same time
Lipids
40-50%
Phospholipids- lipid bilayer
Cholesterol- interspersed between phospholipids, prevents fatty acids from sticking together, maintains fluidity of the membrane
Ultrasound/sonography
High frequency sound waves strike internal organs and bounce back to a receiver on the skin
Smooth muscle properties
Found in the walls of hollow organs (small intestine, blood vessels)
Cells are mononucleate
Smooth, involuntary
Rating membrane potential
The charge on an excitable (nerve, muscle) cells membrane when it is inactive
Usually -90mv to -70mv
The - means the inside of the cell is more negative than the outside
At rmp the cell is said to be polarized (separation of charges exists)
Axial region
Head, neck, trunk
Simple tissue
One layer of cells
Levels of structural organization
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism
4 types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Neuroglia
Non conducting support cells
Provide insulation and protection to neurons
Important facts of osmosis
Water will always move from hypo to hyper
Shrink=crenate
Burst=Lysenko
Microscopic anatomy
Study of structures too small to be seen using the naked eye, with a microscope
Negativity inside the cell is due to
At rest the membrane is more permeable to the K+ than Na+
There is a large concentration of intracellular negatively charged proteins that are impermeable
Skeletal muscle
Packages in connective tissue sheets that are attached to bone
Cells are multinucleate
Striated, voluntary
Medial
Toward the middle of the body, on the inner side of
Blood (IM)
Hemopoietic stem cell
Erythrocyte (rbc)
Leukocyte (WBC)
