Test 2 Flashcards
Bregma
The landmark where the anterior fontanel has closed
Lambda
The landmark where the posterior fontanel has closed
What is the origin of the pronator teres?
medial epicondyle
The infraorbital foramen is located where?
Maxilla
The supraorbital foramen is located where?
Frontal Bone
How many vertebra compose the coccyx before fusion?
4
List a function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
It is sensory: hearing and balance(ear infections affect balance)
Which cranial nerves are only sensory?
1-olfactory ,2-optic , and 8-vestibulocochlear
Where is the internal auditory meatus located?
Temporal Bone
Name the smallest middle ear bone
Stapes
Name the largest middle ear bone
Malleus
Where are the mental foramina located?
mandible
Where is the lesser trochanter located?
Femur
The jugular foramen is located in between which bones?
temporal and occipital
Which suture links the parietal and frontal bone
Coronal
What does keratin do?
Waterproofs your skin
Where can non-keratin stratified squamous epithelium be found?
The mouth on the cheek
What basic tissue types make up all glands?
Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Description: Single layer, flattened cells
Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, covers surface
Location: Air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, lining body cavities
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Description: Single layer, cube-shaped cells
Function: Protection, secretion, absorption
Location: Surface of ovaries, linings of kidney tubules, and linings of ducts of certain glands
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Description: Single layer, elongated cells
Function: Protection, secretion, absorption
Location: Linings of uterus, stomach, and intestines
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Description: Single layer, elongated cells
Function: protection, secretion, movement of mucus and substances
Location: Linings of respiratory passages
Stratified squamous epithelium
Description: many layers, top cells flattened
Function: Protection
Location: Superficial portion of skin and linings of oral cavity, salivary glands, and pancreas
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Description: 2-3 layers, cube shaped cells
Function: Protection
Location: Linings of ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas
Stratified columnar epithelium
Description: Top layer of elongated cells, lower layers of cube-shaped cells
Function: Protection, secretion
Location: Part of the male urethra and lining of larger ducts of excretory glands
Transitional epithelium
Description: Many layers of cube-shaped and elongated cells
Function: Distensibility, protection
Location: Inner lining of urinary bladder and linings of ureters and part of urethra
Glandular epithelium
Description: Unicellular/multicellular
Function: Secretion
Location: Salivary glands, sweat glands, endocrine glands
What is the most prevalent cartilage in the body?
Hyaline Cartilage
Norepinephrine(NE)
Tells adipocytes to break down the triglycerides
What does adipocytes(fat droplets) contain?
Triglycerides
What are the two kinds of fat?
yellow fat & brown fat (only found in infants and hibernating mammals)
Areolar(Loose) connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid- gel matrix
Function: Binds organs
Location: Beneath the skin (hypodermis), surrounds organs
Adipose connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix
Function: Protects, insulates, and stores fat
Location: Beneath the skin, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, on the surface of the heart
Reticular Connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix
Function: Supports
Location: Walls of liver and spleen
Dense Regular Connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix
Function: Binds body parts
Location: Tendons, ligaments
Dense irregular connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix
Function: Sustains tissue tension
Location: Dermis
Elastic connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix
Function: provides flexible framework
Location: Framework of external ear and part of larynx
Fibrocartilage
Description: Cells in solid-gel matrix
Function: Supports, protects, absorbs shock
Location: Between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle and knee
Bone
Description: cells in solid matrix
Function: Supports, protects, provides framework
Location: Bones of skeleton, middle ear
Blood
Description: Cells and platelets in fluid matrix
Function: Transports gases, defends against disease, clotting
Location: Throughout the body in a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers
What are the three different types of muscles?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Skeletal muscle
striations are made up of myosin(dark bands) and actin(light bands)
Cardiac muscle
shorter, branched, striated, intercalated disks
Smooth muscle
fusiform shape, no striations, no organization which makes it the slowest and weakest of the muscles.
What kind of junctions allow for communication in intercalated disks?
series of gap junctions
What are some different types of neurons?
projecting axons and interneurons
What is found in white matter?
projecting axons, myelin- lipid covers the axon & gives the white apparatus, and glia- oligodendrocytes
Microvilli
It is smaller and shorter than cilia and increases surface area (absorption); it can be found on the small intestines and stomach on the apical surface
Epiphyseal disk
Growth plate made up of hyaline cartilage
Fontanels
Anterior (largest)
Posterior
Sphenoid (anterolateral)
Mastoid (posterlateral
Why do we have fontanels?
1) allows for the compression of the head during child birth
2) allows for the expansion of the head for when the glial cells and myelin continue to grow
Bregma
The point of the coronal and saggital sutures meeting where the anterior closes (anterior fontanel).
Lambda
Posterior fontanel that closes where the saggital and lambdoidal sutures close.
What are the two ways bone can ossify?
Intramembraneous and endochondral
What kind of bones are made through intramembraneous ossification?
most flat bones are made this way; frontal and parietal bones
What kind of bones are made through endochondral ossification?
most of the skeleton is made this way; long bones
What are the steps of endochondral ossification?
1) cartilaginous model= hyaline cartilage
2) periosteal collar= forming around the diaphysis
3) create available space= medullary cavity
4) blood vessels grow into the space
5) Primary ossification center= diaphysis
6) secondary ossification centers= epiphyseal areas
What are the four structures that allow hematopoiesis to take place?
yolk sac, liver, spleen and bone marrow
What is in the medullary cavity?
Red or yellow marrow
What is hematopoiesis?
The production of blood cells
What are the first three bones that ossify ?
Stapes, incus, and malleus
Which fontanel is the last one to close?
Anterior usually at 18 months
What do the middle ear bones do?
amplify sound
Articulating cartilage
found in joints, hyaline cartilage
What is proprioception?
Knowing where your body is in space
Where are proprioceptors located?
muscles- tells the length
tendons- degree of contraction
joints- angle of the joint
In cranial nerves what does motor mean?
information is going away from the CNS
In cranial nerves what does sensory mean?
information is traveling towards the CNS
1) olfactory nerves
- Sensory
Function: Sensor fiber conduct impulses associated with sense of smell.
4) trochlear nerves
-Primarily motor
Function: motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes. Some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with proprioceptors
5) trigeminal nerves
Ophthalmic: Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the surface of the eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, and upper eyelids.
Maxillary:” “ upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, lining of the palate, and skin of the face
Mandibular: scalp, skin of the jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, and lower lip. Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands
6) abducen nerves
-Primarily Motor
Function: Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes. Some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with proprioceptors.
7) facial nerves
-Function: sensory- associated with taste receptors of the anterior of the tongue. motor- muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands.
8) vestibulocochlear nerves
-Sensory
Vestibular: sense of equilibrium
Cochlear: sense of hearing
9) glossopharyngeal
- sensory- pharynx, tonsils, posterior of tongue, and carotid arteries
- motor- salivary glands and to muscles of the pharynx used in swallowing.
10) vagus nerves
-sensory= pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen. somatic= muscles associated with speech and swallowing; autonomic- viscera of the thorax and abdomen.
11) spinal accessory nerves
-motor= muscles of the neck and back; some proprioceptor input
12) hypoglossal nerves
-motor= muscles that move the tongue, some proprioceptor input
2) Optic
-Sensory= conduct impulses associated with the sense of vision
1) olfactory
-Sensory= conduct impulses associated with the sense of smell
What can be found in both gray and white matter?
myelin and projecting neurons
Merocrine glands
A fluid product released through the cell membrane by exocytosis. Salivary, pancreatic, and sweat glands
Apocrine Glands
Cellular product and portions of the free ends of glandular cells pinch of during secretion. Mammary, ceruminous glands, lining of the external acoustic meatus
Holocrine Glands
Disintegrated entire cells filled with secretory products. Sebaceous glands of the skin
Where are the fastest muscles found?
The eye
What are the three types of connective tissue cell types?
macrophages, fibroblasts, and mast cells
What are the three types of connective tissue fibers that fibroblasts produce?
collagen, elastic, and reticular
Collagen fibers
Thick threads of the protein collage, which is a major structural protein. Holds structures together, such as tendons and ligaments. It is found abundantly in dense regular connective tissue
Elastic fibers
Composed of springlike protein called elastin; made for stretching found in vocal cords and air passages.
Reticular fibers
They are thin collagen fibers. Found in areas like the spleen
What is cartilage?
A rigid connective tissue
What are the three major types of epithelial membranes?
serous, mucous, and cutaneous
Synovial membrane
it is composed entirely of connective tissues and lines joints
