List #4 Flashcards
basement membrane
- A thin, extracellular layer that anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue.
apical surface
-The superficial layer on top of the epithelium
basal surface
-The surface above the dermis but under the epithelium
cilia
- Microscopic hair like extensions of the exposed surfaces of most cells
microvilli
- Cells specialized for absorption typically have many tiny, cylindrical processes, called microvilli, extending from their free surfaces.
stratified squamous epithelium
- Description: many layers, top cells flattened
- Function: protection
- Location: linings of oral cavity, vagina, and anal cavity
simple columnar epithelium
- Description: single layer, elongated cells
- Function: Protection, secretion, absorption
- Location: Lining of the stomach and small intestines
stratified columnar epithelium
- Description: Top layer of elongated cells, lower layers of cube-shaped cells
- Function: protection, secretion
- Location: male urethra, linings of larger ducts of excretory glands
exocrine glands
-Glands that secrete their products into ducts that open onto surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract.
endocrine glands
-Glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood
macrophages
-Histiocytes, originate as white blood cells and are almost as numerous as fibroblasts in some connective tissues.
fibroblasts
- The most common type of fixed cell in connective tissue.
- Large, star-shaped cells produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matrix of connective tissues.
mast cells
- Large and widely distributed in connective tissues, where they are usually near blood vessels.
- They release heparin, a compound that prevents blood clotting.
- They also release histamine, which promotes some of the reactions associated with inflammation and allergies
adipose tissue
- Description: cells in fluid-gel matrix
- Function: protects, insulates, and stores fat
- Location: beneath the skin, around the kidneys, and on the surface of the heart
elastic cartilage
- Description: cells in solid-gel matrix
- Function: supports, protects, provides flexible framework
neuroglia
- They divide and are crucial to the functioning of neurons
- These cells support and bind the components of nervous tissue, carry on phagocytosis, and help supply growth factors and nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels.
epidermis
- Composed of stratified squamous epithelium, it is the outer layer
dermis
- The inner layer, it is thicker than the epidermis and is made up of connective tissue containing collage and elastic fibers, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood
subcutaneous layer(hypodermis)
- Beneath the dermis, masses of areolar and adipose tissues bind the skin to underlying organs. These tissues are not part of the skin
melanocytes
- Specialized cells in the epidermis that produce the pigment melanin from the amino acid tyrosine in organelles
keratinocytes
- proteins produced as epidermal cells die and harden
sagittal suture
- They fuse together the parietal bones
lambdoidal suture
- The occipital bone joins the parietal bones along the lambdoid suture.
coronal suture
- The parietal bones are fused at the midline along the sagittal suture, and they meet the frontal bone along the coronal suture.
squamosal suture
- A temporal bone on each side of the skull joins the parietal bone along this suture.
jugular foramen
- The opening between the temporal and occipital bones, it accommodates the internal jugular vein
crista galli
- Projecting upward into the cranial cavity between eh cribriform plates is a triangular process of the ethmoid bone.
- Membranes that enclose the brain attach to this process
superior orbital fissures
- Found in the sphenoid bone
- Contains cranial cavities 3 oculomotr,4 trochlear,5 trygeminal(ophthalmic branch), and 6 abducens
optic canals
- Found in the sphenoid bone on the lesser wings
- Contains cranial cavity 2 optic nerves.
middle nasal conchae
- Project inward from the lateral portions of the ethmoid bone toward the perpendicular plate.
- These bony plates support mucous membranes that line the nasal cavity
mental foramina
- Branches of the blood vessels and the nerve emerge from the mandible through the mental foramen, which opens on the outside near the point of the jaw
- It supplies the tissues of the chin and lower lip
- Contains cranial nerve 5: trygeminal (mandibular branch)
mandibular condyles
- They articulate with the mandibular fossae of the temporal bones, whereas the coronoid processes provide attachments for muscles used in chewing.
vertebrosternal ribs
- The first seven rib pairs, called the true ribs, join the sternum directly by their costal cartilages. (1-7)
vertebrochondral ribs
-The upper three false ribs(8-10)
vertebral ribs
- The lower two pairs of ribs are also called floating ribs. (11-12)
costal cartilage
- Bars of hyaline cartilage that serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax.
greater sciatic notch
- Found below the posterior superior iliac spine in a deep indentation.
- A number of nerves and blood vessels pass
obturator foramen
- The largest foramen in the body
- The hole in-between the pubis and ischium
greater trochanter
- By the head of the femur is superior.
- Provides attachments for muscles of the lower limbs and buttocks
lesser trochanter
- By the head of the femur is inferior.
- Provides attachments for muscles of the lower limbs and buttocks
medial malleolus
- The tibia expands to form a prominence on the medial side of the ankle called the medial malleolus.
- Attachment for ligaments
lateral malleolus
- The fibula’s ends are slightly enlarge into a proximal head and distal lateral malleolus.
- Articulates with the ankle and protrudes on the lateral side
tibialis anterior
- Origin: Lateral condyle and lateral surface of tibia
- Insertion: Tarsal bone and first metatarsal
- Action: Dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
soleus
- Origin: Head and shaft of fibula and posterior surface of tibia
- Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus
- Action: Plantar flexion of foot
latissimus dorsi
- Origin: Spines of sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae, iliac crest, and lower ribs
- Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
- Action: Extends shoulder, adducts and rotates the arm medially, or depresses and retracts the shoulder
lateral pterygoid
- Origin: Sphenoid bone
- Insertion: Anterior surface of mandibular condyle
- Action: Depresses and protracts mandible and moves it from side to side
deltoid
- Origin: Acromion process, spine of the scapula, and the clavicle
- Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humorous
- Action: Lateral portion abducts arm, anterior portion flexes shoulder, posterior portion extends shoulder
supraspinatus
- Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula
- Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
- Action: Abducts arm
tensor fascia latae
- Origin: Anterior iliac crest
- Insertion: Iliotibial tract(fascia of thigh)
- Action: Abducts thigh, flexes hip, and rotates thigh medially
vastus lateralis
- Origin: Greater trochanter and posterior surface of femur
- Insertion: Patella by tendon, which continues as patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
- Action: Extends knee
