Test 1 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Is pseudostratified columnar simple or stratified?
A
Simple
2
Q
Where is transitional epithelium found and is it simple or stratified?
A
Urinary Bladder and it is stratified
3
Q
What are the four basic tissue types?
A
Epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous
4
Q
What is the studies of tissues?
A
Histology
5
Q
Levels of organization
A
1) atoms: Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen 2) molecules: H2O 3) macromolecules: proteins 4) Organelles: Mitochondria 5) cellular: epithelial cells 6) tissue: connective, epithelium, nervous, and muscle 7) organs: multiple tissues make an organ(stomach) 8) Organ systems
6
Q
Bone should be classified as what under the levels of organizations?
A
An organ, because it has many tissues in it
7
Q
Homeostasis
A
Point where cells work most efficiently
8
Q
Two main body cavities
A
ventral(anterior) and dorsal (posterior)
9
Q
Name a structure in the cranial cavity?
A
brain, cerebellum, cerebrum, cerebral spinal fluid
10
Q
Name a structure in the vertebral cavity?
A
spinal nerves and the spinal cord (NOT the spine)
11
Q
How many cranial bones are there and what are they?
A
8: frontal, occipital, parietal(2), temporal(2), ethmoid, and the sphenoid
12
Q
What are the two cavities of the ventral cavity?
A
thoracic (diaphragm separates it from the abdominal) and abdominal (stomach, small intestine, and spleen)
13
Q
List structures found in mediastinum?
A
Heart, trachea, esophagus, aortic arch (NOT lungs)
14
Q
Parietal
A
superficial
15
Q
Visceral
A
deep
16
Q
Serous membranes
A
line body cavities
17
Q
skeletal muscles
A
attach to the skeleton and to the muscle
18
Q
Ligament
A
Bone to Bone
19
Q
Tendon
A
Muscle to bone
20
Q
Aponeurosis
A
Muscle to Muscle
21
Q
List the Organic substances:
A
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
22
Q
What is the molecular formula of glycerol?
A
C3H8O3
23
Q
Dehydration synthesis
A
the building of protons
24
Q
hydrolysis synthesis
A
breaks things down
25
If the protein had 9 amino acids how many peptide bonds would it have?
8 peptide bonds; there is always one less peptide bond than amino acids
26
Whats the phenotype of the cell?
Te protein that it makes
27
Nucleotides
Building block of nucleic acids
28
What are nucleotides comprised of?
five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
29
What carbon is the phosphate group attached to?
The 5th carbon
30
What carbon is the nitrogenous base attached to?
The 1st carbon
31
What are the four bases of DNA?
guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine
32
How many hydrogen bonds are made from guanine-cytosine
3 Hydrogen bonds
33
How many hydrogen bonds are made from adenine- thymine?
2 Hydrogen bonds
34
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
5 sugar of ribose and deoxyribose, thymine/ uracil, and single stranded/ double stranded
35
What is the proteins structure?
Primary: order and number of amino acids
Secondary: hydrogen bonds
Tertiary: water
Quaternary: functional protein
36
What is the molecular formula of glucose (monossachride)?
C6H12O6
37
Where is glycogen stored?
It is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles; leftovers go into adipose tissue
38
Genotype
All the genes in the cell
39
Where are the fastest muscles found?
The eyes
40
Isomer
Same molecular formula but has a different structure
41
What is the largest muscle int the muscle in the body?
Gluteus Maximus
42
totipotent
The daughter cells can specialize as any cell type
43
What are the phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
44
What are the three parts of a cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and carbohydrates
45
Prophase
nucleus is dispersed and chromatin is disassembled
46
Metaphase
chromatin line up in single filed; spindle fibers extend and then they attach to centrioles
47
Anaphase
sister chromatids separate, spindle fibers contract and the centromeres pull apart
48
Telophase
nuclear envelopment reassembled on both sides of cytokines is complete; division of cytoplasm
49
Interphase
Between the phases of mitosis; stage of growing
50
Interphase divisions
G1, S, G2
51
G1 division of interphase
Transcription and translation
52
S division of interphase
synthesis of DNA
53
G2 division of interphase
follows S phase DNA is already replicated
54
What is a centriole?
Organelle, non-membranous. They migrate to opposite poles
55
When does DNA replication occur?
S division of interphase
56
What is DNA replication?
Copy of DNA- the cell is getting ready for division. This is when the Replication fork is established.
57
What is transcription?
The process of copying DNA information into an RNA sequence. The copying of specific genes (Copying of the euchromatin which will be divided in the DNA replication)
58
What is translation?
mRNA to amino acids that pass through ribosomes; creating poly peptide bonds which lead to the primary structure of proteins
59
What is chromatin and what is it made up of?
It is not an organelle, it is a macromolecule.
| proteins(histone) and DNA
60
Is facilitated diffusion active or passive transport?
Passive transport
61
Osmosis
transportation dealing with water and is a passive transport
62
Does water travel towards the hypertonic side or hypotonic side of osmosis?
Hypertonic
63
What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion uses carrier molecules(proteins)
64
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Found in the tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
65
What is a phospholipid bilayer?
One fatty acid removed from a triglyceride with a phosphate added on
66
What is a protein?
phenotype of cells, which specifies what cell it is; enzymes that transport and making the cell a specific type
67
Carbohydrates
either connected to proteins or phosphate groups; their function is cell recognition
68
Do bacteria cells have ribosomes?
yes
69
Ribosomes
they are used for the construction of primary structure of a protein; they make peptide bonds
70
Which strand has okazaki fragments?
Lagging Strand, which is the one that is the one with fragments tying to reconnected by Ligases
71
Topoisomerases
unwinds the helix in the replication fork giving us the leading strand and the lagging strand
72
How to read the Leading Strand
it is read 3-5, so it is the leading strand because when replicated it runs 5-3
73
Helicases
Separates DNA, which means it is separating the hydrogen bonds holding the DNA paired
74
Polymerases
building of new strands from 5-3(replication fork on the leading strand), a nucleotide at a time. This leads to the mRNA being processed through the ribosomes.
75
Ligases
Connects the okazaki fragments on the lagging strand which is read 3-5, so the fragments are built 3-5.
76
What is being replicated in the DNA replication?
Euchromatin
77
Which ones are purines?
Guanine and Adenine
78
Which ones are Pyrimidines?
Thymine and Cytosine
79
Codon
Each amino acid in a protein is specified by a series of three bases in DNA and then by a series of three bases in mRNA
80
Anticodon
End of each tRNA molecule includes a specific three-nucleotide sequence, which are unique to that type of tRNA
81
tRNA
Aligns amino acids in a way that enables enzymes to bond them to each other
82
mRNA
This form of RNA carries a gene's information on how to build a specific polypeptide
83
Osteon
The osteocytes and layer of extracellular matrix, concentrically clustered around a central canal
84
Lamella
In compact bone, cells called osteoblasts deposit only bony matrix in this layers, that form concentric patterns around the central canal
85
Lacuna
Small chambers containing carbohydrates
86
Canaliculi
cytoplasmic processes the extend outward and pass through tiny tubes in the extracellular matrix
87
Dendrites
Extensions of a neuron that receives messages
88
What runs through the intervertebral notches?
spinal nerves
89
Rostral
close to the nose
90
Caudal
close to the tail
91
Where are the superior and middle nasal conchae found?
They are the processes on the ethmoid bone
92
Which phalanx is the thumb missing?
middle phalanx
93
Where is the intertubercular groove located?
humerous
94
What brain component lies in the sella turcica?
pituitary gland, optic nerves
95
List the muscles of mastication
Temporalis, Masseter
96
Dense irregular connective tissue is found where?
Dermis
97
Which vertebrae is the origin of rhomboideus major?
Thoracic
98
Which muscle is attached to the anterior iliac spine?
rectus femoris
99
Intercalated disks are associated with what muscle?
cardiac
100
Which two muscle groups are striated?
cardiac and skeletal
101
Name the non-membranous organelle that provides structural support and enzymes for protein synthesis?
ribosomes
102
Where in the human body would simple squamous epithelium be found?
air sacs of the lungs( alveoli) endothelium, and the mesothelium
103
What is the process in the inferior end of the sternum called?
Xiphoid process
104
What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?
calcaneus
105
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
106
Hydrogen bonds contribute to which structure of proteins?
Secondary
107
The nucleolus functions to synthesis what?
ribosomes
108
Which is the action of the gluteus maximus?
extends hip
109
Which organelle produces the internal parts of cilia and flagella?
centriole
110
What is the origin of the masseter?
Zygomatic arch
111
Which two bones make up the zygomatic arch
temporal and zygomatic bones
112
Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?
trachea, bronchials, or fallopian tubes
113
What structure can be found in the vertebral column?
spinal cord
114
What serum membrane is located in the mediastinum?
pericardium- because the heart is located in the mediastinum
115
Which cranial bone is located at the back of the lower part of the skull?
Occipital
116
Isotopes have the same number of what?
protons
117
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of what?
monosaccharides
118
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
protection, secretion, and absorption
119
What is the function of connective tissue?
bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells
120
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Movement
121
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Conduct mules for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception
122
What does squamous refer to?
thin, flattened cells
123
What does cuboidal refer to?
cubelike cells
124
What does cuboidal refer to?
elongated cells
125
What are the three types of connective tissue cell types?
fibroblasts, microphages, and mast cells
