Test 1 Flashcards
Is pseudostratified columnar simple or stratified?
Simple
Where is transitional epithelium found and is it simple or stratified?
Urinary Bladder and it is stratified
What are the four basic tissue types?
Epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous
What is the studies of tissues?
Histology
Levels of organization
1) atoms: Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen 2) molecules: H2O 3) macromolecules: proteins 4) Organelles: Mitochondria 5) cellular: epithelial cells 6) tissue: connective, epithelium, nervous, and muscle 7) organs: multiple tissues make an organ(stomach) 8) Organ systems
Bone should be classified as what under the levels of organizations?
An organ, because it has many tissues in it
Homeostasis
Point where cells work most efficiently
Two main body cavities
ventral(anterior) and dorsal (posterior)
Name a structure in the cranial cavity?
brain, cerebellum, cerebrum, cerebral spinal fluid
Name a structure in the vertebral cavity?
spinal nerves and the spinal cord (NOT the spine)
How many cranial bones are there and what are they?
8: frontal, occipital, parietal(2), temporal(2), ethmoid, and the sphenoid
What are the two cavities of the ventral cavity?
thoracic (diaphragm separates it from the abdominal) and abdominal (stomach, small intestine, and spleen)
List structures found in mediastinum?
Heart, trachea, esophagus, aortic arch (NOT lungs)
Parietal
superficial
Visceral
deep
Serous membranes
line body cavities
skeletal muscles
attach to the skeleton and to the muscle
Ligament
Bone to Bone
Tendon
Muscle to bone
Aponeurosis
Muscle to Muscle
List the Organic substances:
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
What is the molecular formula of glycerol?
C3H8O3
Dehydration synthesis
the building of protons
hydrolysis synthesis
breaks things down
If the protein had 9 amino acids how many peptide bonds would it have?
8 peptide bonds; there is always one less peptide bond than amino acids
Whats the phenotype of the cell?
Te protein that it makes
Nucleotides
Building block of nucleic acids
What are nucleotides comprised of?
five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
What carbon is the phosphate group attached to?
The 5th carbon
What carbon is the nitrogenous base attached to?
The 1st carbon
What are the four bases of DNA?
guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine
How many hydrogen bonds are made from guanine-cytosine
3 Hydrogen bonds
How many hydrogen bonds are made from adenine- thymine?
2 Hydrogen bonds
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
5 sugar of ribose and deoxyribose, thymine/ uracil, and single stranded/ double stranded
What is the proteins structure?
Primary: order and number of amino acids
Secondary: hydrogen bonds
Tertiary: water
Quaternary: functional protein
What is the molecular formula of glucose (monossachride)?
C6H12O6
Where is glycogen stored?
It is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles; leftovers go into adipose tissue
Genotype
All the genes in the cell
Where are the fastest muscles found?
The eyes
Isomer
Same molecular formula but has a different structure
What is the largest muscle int the muscle in the body?
Gluteus Maximus
totipotent
The daughter cells can specialize as any cell type
What are the phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
What are the three parts of a cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and carbohydrates
Prophase
nucleus is dispersed and chromatin is disassembled
Metaphase
chromatin line up in single filed; spindle fibers extend and then they attach to centrioles
Anaphase
sister chromatids separate, spindle fibers contract and the centromeres pull apart
Telophase
nuclear envelopment reassembled on both sides of cytokines is complete; division of cytoplasm
Interphase
Between the phases of mitosis; stage of growing
Interphase divisions
G1, S, G2
G1 division of interphase
Transcription and translation
S division of interphase
synthesis of DNA
G2 division of interphase
follows S phase DNA is already replicated
What is a centriole?
Organelle, non-membranous. They migrate to opposite poles
When does DNA replication occur?
S division of interphase
What is DNA replication?
Copy of DNA- the cell is getting ready for division. This is when the Replication fork is established.
What is transcription?
The process of copying DNA information into an RNA sequence. The copying of specific genes (Copying of the euchromatin which will be divided in the DNA replication)
What is translation?
mRNA to amino acids that pass through ribosomes; creating poly peptide bonds which lead to the primary structure of proteins
What is chromatin and what is it made up of?
It is not an organelle, it is a macromolecule.
proteins(histone) and DNA
Is facilitated diffusion active or passive transport?
Passive transport
Osmosis
transportation dealing with water and is a passive transport
Does water travel towards the hypertonic side or hypotonic side of osmosis?
Hypertonic
What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion uses carrier molecules(proteins)
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Found in the tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
What is a phospholipid bilayer?
One fatty acid removed from a triglyceride with a phosphate added on
What is a protein?
phenotype of cells, which specifies what cell it is; enzymes that transport and making the cell a specific type
Carbohydrates
either connected to proteins or phosphate groups; their function is cell recognition
Do bacteria cells have ribosomes?
yes
Ribosomes
they are used for the construction of primary structure of a protein; they make peptide bonds
Which strand has okazaki fragments?
Lagging Strand, which is the one that is the one with fragments tying to reconnected by Ligases
Topoisomerases
unwinds the helix in the replication fork giving us the leading strand and the lagging strand
How to read the Leading Strand
it is read 3-5, so it is the leading strand because when replicated it runs 5-3
Helicases
Separates DNA, which means it is separating the hydrogen bonds holding the DNA paired
Polymerases
building of new strands from 5-3(replication fork on the leading strand), a nucleotide at a time. This leads to the mRNA being processed through the ribosomes.
Ligases
Connects the okazaki fragments on the lagging strand which is read 3-5, so the fragments are built 3-5.
What is being replicated in the DNA replication?
Euchromatin
Which ones are purines?
Guanine and Adenine
Which ones are Pyrimidines?
Thymine and Cytosine
Codon
Each amino acid in a protein is specified by a series of three bases in DNA and then by a series of three bases in mRNA
Anticodon
End of each tRNA molecule includes a specific three-nucleotide sequence, which are unique to that type of tRNA
tRNA
Aligns amino acids in a way that enables enzymes to bond them to each other
mRNA
This form of RNA carries a gene’s information on how to build a specific polypeptide
Osteon
The osteocytes and layer of extracellular matrix, concentrically clustered around a central canal
Lamella
In compact bone, cells called osteoblasts deposit only bony matrix in this layers, that form concentric patterns around the central canal
Lacuna
Small chambers containing carbohydrates
Canaliculi
cytoplasmic processes the extend outward and pass through tiny tubes in the extracellular matrix
Dendrites
Extensions of a neuron that receives messages
What runs through the intervertebral notches?
spinal nerves
Rostral
close to the nose
Caudal
close to the tail
Where are the superior and middle nasal conchae found?
They are the processes on the ethmoid bone
Which phalanx is the thumb missing?
middle phalanx
Where is the intertubercular groove located?
humerous
What brain component lies in the sella turcica?
pituitary gland, optic nerves
List the muscles of mastication
Temporalis, Masseter
Dense irregular connective tissue is found where?
Dermis
Which vertebrae is the origin of rhomboideus major?
Thoracic
Which muscle is attached to the anterior iliac spine?
rectus femoris
Intercalated disks are associated with what muscle?
cardiac
Which two muscle groups are striated?
cardiac and skeletal
Name the non-membranous organelle that provides structural support and enzymes for protein synthesis?
ribosomes
Where in the human body would simple squamous epithelium be found?
air sacs of the lungs( alveoli) endothelium, and the mesothelium
What is the process in the inferior end of the sternum called?
Xiphoid process
What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?
calcaneus
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
Hydrogen bonds contribute to which structure of proteins?
Secondary
The nucleolus functions to synthesis what?
ribosomes
Which is the action of the gluteus maximus?
extends hip
Which organelle produces the internal parts of cilia and flagella?
centriole
What is the origin of the masseter?
Zygomatic arch
Which two bones make up the zygomatic arch
temporal and zygomatic bones
Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?
trachea, bronchials, or fallopian tubes
What structure can be found in the vertebral column?
spinal cord
What serum membrane is located in the mediastinum?
pericardium- because the heart is located in the mediastinum
Which cranial bone is located at the back of the lower part of the skull?
Occipital
Isotopes have the same number of what?
protons
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of what?
monosaccharides
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
protection, secretion, and absorption
What is the function of connective tissue?
bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Movement
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Conduct mules for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception
What does squamous refer to?
thin, flattened cells
What does cuboidal refer to?
cubelike cells
What does cuboidal refer to?
elongated cells
What are the three types of connective tissue cell types?
fibroblasts, microphages, and mast cells
