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Anatomy > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Is pseudostratified columnar simple or stratified?

A

Simple

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2
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found and is it simple or stratified?

A

Urinary Bladder and it is stratified

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3
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous

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4
Q

What is the studies of tissues?

A

Histology

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5
Q

Levels of organization

A

1) atoms: Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen 2) molecules: H2O 3) macromolecules: proteins 4) Organelles: Mitochondria 5) cellular: epithelial cells 6) tissue: connective, epithelium, nervous, and muscle 7) organs: multiple tissues make an organ(stomach) 8) Organ systems

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6
Q

Bone should be classified as what under the levels of organizations?

A

An organ, because it has many tissues in it

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

Point where cells work most efficiently

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8
Q

Two main body cavities

A

ventral(anterior) and dorsal (posterior)

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9
Q

Name a structure in the cranial cavity?

A

brain, cerebellum, cerebrum, cerebral spinal fluid

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10
Q

Name a structure in the vertebral cavity?

A

spinal nerves and the spinal cord (NOT the spine)

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11
Q

How many cranial bones are there and what are they?

A

8: frontal, occipital, parietal(2), temporal(2), ethmoid, and the sphenoid

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12
Q

What are the two cavities of the ventral cavity?

A

thoracic (diaphragm separates it from the abdominal) and abdominal (stomach, small intestine, and spleen)

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13
Q

List structures found in mediastinum?

A

Heart, trachea, esophagus, aortic arch (NOT lungs)

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14
Q

Parietal

A

superficial

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15
Q

Visceral

A

deep

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16
Q

Serous membranes

A

line body cavities

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17
Q

skeletal muscles

A

attach to the skeleton and to the muscle

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18
Q

Ligament

A

Bone to Bone

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19
Q

Tendon

A

Muscle to bone

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20
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Muscle to Muscle

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21
Q

List the Organic substances:

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

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22
Q

What is the molecular formula of glycerol?

A

C3H8O3

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23
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

the building of protons

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24
Q

hydrolysis synthesis

A

breaks things down

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25
Q

If the protein had 9 amino acids how many peptide bonds would it have?

A

8 peptide bonds; there is always one less peptide bond than amino acids

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26
Q

Whats the phenotype of the cell?

A

Te protein that it makes

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27
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building block of nucleic acids

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28
Q

What are nucleotides comprised of?

A

five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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29
Q

What carbon is the phosphate group attached to?

A

The 5th carbon

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30
Q

What carbon is the nitrogenous base attached to?

A

The 1st carbon

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31
Q

What are the four bases of DNA?

A

guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine

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32
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are made from guanine-cytosine

A

3 Hydrogen bonds

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33
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are made from adenine- thymine?

A

2 Hydrogen bonds

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34
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

5 sugar of ribose and deoxyribose, thymine/ uracil, and single stranded/ double stranded

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35
Q

What is the proteins structure?

A

Primary: order and number of amino acids
Secondary: hydrogen bonds
Tertiary: water
Quaternary: functional protein

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36
Q

What is the molecular formula of glucose (monossachride)?

A

C6H12O6

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37
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

It is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles; leftovers go into adipose tissue

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38
Q

Genotype

A

All the genes in the cell

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39
Q

Where are the fastest muscles found?

A

The eyes

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40
Q

Isomer

A

Same molecular formula but has a different structure

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41
Q

What is the largest muscle int the muscle in the body?

A

Gluteus Maximus

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42
Q

totipotent

A

The daughter cells can specialize as any cell type

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43
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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44
Q

What are the three parts of a cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and carbohydrates

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45
Q

Prophase

A

nucleus is dispersed and chromatin is disassembled

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46
Q

Metaphase

A

chromatin line up in single filed; spindle fibers extend and then they attach to centrioles

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47
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate, spindle fibers contract and the centromeres pull apart

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48
Q

Telophase

A

nuclear envelopment reassembled on both sides of cytokines is complete; division of cytoplasm

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49
Q

Interphase

A

Between the phases of mitosis; stage of growing

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50
Q

Interphase divisions

A

G1, S, G2

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51
Q

G1 division of interphase

A

Transcription and translation

52
Q

S division of interphase

A

synthesis of DNA

53
Q

G2 division of interphase

A

follows S phase DNA is already replicated

54
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Organelle, non-membranous. They migrate to opposite poles

55
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

S division of interphase

56
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

Copy of DNA- the cell is getting ready for division. This is when the Replication fork is established.

57
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of copying DNA information into an RNA sequence. The copying of specific genes (Copying of the euchromatin which will be divided in the DNA replication)

58
Q

What is translation?

A

mRNA to amino acids that pass through ribosomes; creating poly peptide bonds which lead to the primary structure of proteins

59
Q

What is chromatin and what is it made up of?

A

It is not an organelle, it is a macromolecule.

proteins(histone) and DNA

60
Q

Is facilitated diffusion active or passive transport?

A

Passive transport

61
Q

Osmosis

A

transportation dealing with water and is a passive transport

62
Q

Does water travel towards the hypertonic side or hypotonic side of osmosis?

A

Hypertonic

63
Q

What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion uses carrier molecules(proteins)

64
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Found in the tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

65
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

A

One fatty acid removed from a triglyceride with a phosphate added on

66
Q

What is a protein?

A

phenotype of cells, which specifies what cell it is; enzymes that transport and making the cell a specific type

67
Q

Carbohydrates

A

either connected to proteins or phosphate groups; their function is cell recognition

68
Q

Do bacteria cells have ribosomes?

A

yes

69
Q

Ribosomes

A

they are used for the construction of primary structure of a protein; they make peptide bonds

70
Q

Which strand has okazaki fragments?

A

Lagging Strand, which is the one that is the one with fragments tying to reconnected by Ligases

71
Q

Topoisomerases

A

unwinds the helix in the replication fork giving us the leading strand and the lagging strand

72
Q

How to read the Leading Strand

A

it is read 3-5, so it is the leading strand because when replicated it runs 5-3

73
Q

Helicases

A

Separates DNA, which means it is separating the hydrogen bonds holding the DNA paired

74
Q

Polymerases

A

building of new strands from 5-3(replication fork on the leading strand), a nucleotide at a time. This leads to the mRNA being processed through the ribosomes.

75
Q

Ligases

A

Connects the okazaki fragments on the lagging strand which is read 3-5, so the fragments are built 3-5.

76
Q

What is being replicated in the DNA replication?

A

Euchromatin

77
Q

Which ones are purines?

A

Guanine and Adenine

78
Q

Which ones are Pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine

79
Q

Codon

A

Each amino acid in a protein is specified by a series of three bases in DNA and then by a series of three bases in mRNA

80
Q

Anticodon

A

End of each tRNA molecule includes a specific three-nucleotide sequence, which are unique to that type of tRNA

81
Q

tRNA

A

Aligns amino acids in a way that enables enzymes to bond them to each other

82
Q

mRNA

A

This form of RNA carries a gene’s information on how to build a specific polypeptide

83
Q

Osteon

A

The osteocytes and layer of extracellular matrix, concentrically clustered around a central canal

84
Q

Lamella

A

In compact bone, cells called osteoblasts deposit only bony matrix in this layers, that form concentric patterns around the central canal

85
Q

Lacuna

A

Small chambers containing carbohydrates

86
Q

Canaliculi

A

cytoplasmic processes the extend outward and pass through tiny tubes in the extracellular matrix

87
Q

Dendrites

A

Extensions of a neuron that receives messages

88
Q

What runs through the intervertebral notches?

A

spinal nerves

89
Q

Rostral

A

close to the nose

90
Q

Caudal

A

close to the tail

91
Q

Where are the superior and middle nasal conchae found?

A

They are the processes on the ethmoid bone

92
Q

Which phalanx is the thumb missing?

A

middle phalanx

93
Q

Where is the intertubercular groove located?

A

humerous

94
Q

What brain component lies in the sella turcica?

A

pituitary gland, optic nerves

95
Q

List the muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis, Masseter

96
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue is found where?

A

Dermis

97
Q

Which vertebrae is the origin of rhomboideus major?

A

Thoracic

98
Q

Which muscle is attached to the anterior iliac spine?

A

rectus femoris

99
Q

Intercalated disks are associated with what muscle?

A

cardiac

100
Q

Which two muscle groups are striated?

A

cardiac and skeletal

101
Q

Name the non-membranous organelle that provides structural support and enzymes for protein synthesis?

A

ribosomes

102
Q

Where in the human body would simple squamous epithelium be found?

A

air sacs of the lungs( alveoli) endothelium, and the mesothelium

103
Q

What is the process in the inferior end of the sternum called?

A

Xiphoid process

104
Q

What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?

A

calcaneus

105
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

106
Q

Hydrogen bonds contribute to which structure of proteins?

A

Secondary

107
Q

The nucleolus functions to synthesis what?

A

ribosomes

108
Q

Which is the action of the gluteus maximus?

A

extends hip

109
Q

Which organelle produces the internal parts of cilia and flagella?

A

centriole

110
Q

What is the origin of the masseter?

A

Zygomatic arch

111
Q

Which two bones make up the zygomatic arch

A

temporal and zygomatic bones

112
Q

Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?

A

trachea, bronchials, or fallopian tubes

113
Q

What structure can be found in the vertebral column?

A

spinal cord

114
Q

What serum membrane is located in the mediastinum?

A

pericardium- because the heart is located in the mediastinum

115
Q

Which cranial bone is located at the back of the lower part of the skull?

A

Occipital

116
Q

Isotopes have the same number of what?

A

protons

117
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of what?

A

monosaccharides

118
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

protection, secretion, and absorption

119
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells

120
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Movement

121
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Conduct mules for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception

122
Q

What does squamous refer to?

A

thin, flattened cells

123
Q

What does cuboidal refer to?

A

cubelike cells

124
Q

What does cuboidal refer to?

A

elongated cells

125
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue cell types?

A

fibroblasts, microphages, and mast cells

Anatomy (17 decks)

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